Using dynamical systems mathematical modeling to examine the impact emotional expression on the therapeutic relationship: A demonstration across three psychotherapeutic theoretical approaches

Baker, Andrew Z.; Peluso, Paul R.; Freund, Robert R; Diaz, Patricia; Ghaness, Amrita

doi:10.1080/10503307.2021.1921303

Cited by 4 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Given the place of emotion in the definition of the therapeutic relationship, as well as the demonstrated positive impact that emotional expression has on therapeutic process and outcome, it stands to reason that studying the emotional exchange between the therapist and client further would be warranted. Currently, however, there is a paucity of research on how these therapists mobilize emotional and relationship-building behaviors to effect positive change in their clients, which has led researchers to call for further investigation into this factor (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Research On Emotional Expression As a Relationship Elementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, they found that each of the three therapists had similarities in the graphic representation of the relationship models for the female client and for the male client, and less similarity within each therapist. This provided evidence for the tailoring or relationships based on the client, as well as evidence for the relationship as a common factor rather than a specific ingredient based in a theoretical approach (1,2,6). In their conclusion, they recommended following up their findings by applying DS mathematical modeling to a full course of therapy, and consider how expert (or "master") therapists develop the therapeutic relationship over time.…”

Section: Use Of Dynamical Systems To Assess Relationship Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Broadly speaking, this can be thought of as the individual's unique disposition (positive, negative or neutral), that introduces a constant… via the b 1 and b 2 parameters. The inertia parameter is "the tendency of remaining in the same state for a period of time" (19, p. 114), and is estimated by taking an average of positive scores minus negative scores when the other partner's score was zero 6 . The greater a person's inertia is, the less likely they are to be open to influence from the other person (pp.…”

Section: Dynamical Systems Mathematical Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…225-226). The next parameters, c 1 F T (T), c 2 F C (C) are the influence functions of the therapist on the client, and of the client on the therapist, respectively (6).…”

Section: Dynamical Systems Mathematical Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The estimated trajectory of the actual sessions are then drawn on the phase-space portrait (as a black line) to indicate the best estimation of how the math model predicted the quality and endpoint of the relationship in the session where the parameters for the whole system were derived. The quadrant in which the critical points are located is an indication of the quality of the relationship (e.g., a positive-positive quadrant vs. negative-negative quadrant), while the black trajectory line represents the estimated actual endpoint of the therapeutic relationship (6,(18)(19)(20)(21). The endpoint coordinates of the trajectory in each of the phase portraits in Figure 1 is denoted by a black circle.…”

Section: A B C D E Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the role of emotion and expertise in psychotherapy: An application of dynamical systems mathematical modeling to an entire course of therapy

et al. 2023

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IntroductionThe therapeutic relationship continues to be one of the most important factors in therapeutic outcomes. Given the place of emotion in the definition of the therapeutic relationship, as well as the demonstrated positive impact that emotional expression has on therapeutic process and outcome, it stands to reason that studying the emotional exchange between the therapist and client further would be warranted.MethodsThis study used a validated observational coding system--the Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF) and a theoretical mathematical model to analyze behaviors which make up the therapeutic relationship. Specifically, the researchers used to codify relationship-building behaviors between an expert therapist and his client over the course of six sessions. Dynamical systems mathematical modeling was also employed to create “phase space portraits” depicting the relational dynamics between the master therapist and his client over six sessions.ResultsStatistical analysis was used to compare SPAFF codes and model parameters between the expert therapist and his client. The expert therapist showed stability in affect codes over six sessions while the client’s affect codes appeared to be more flexible over time, though model parameters remained stable across the six sessions. Finally, phase space portraits depicted the evolution of the affective dynamics between the master therapist and his client as the relationship matured.DiscussionThe clinician’s ability to stay emotionally positive and relatively stable across the six sessions (relative to the client) was noteworthy. It formed the basis for a stable base from which she could explore alternative methods to relate to others that she had allowed to dictate her actions, which is in keeping with previous research on the role of therapist facilitation of the therapeutic relationship, emotional expression within the therapeutic relationship, and influence of these on client outcomes. These results provide a valuable foundation for future research on emotional expression as a key component of the therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy.

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Section: Research On Emotional Expression As a Relationship Elementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Use Of Dynamical Systems To Assess Relationship Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dynamical Systems Mathematical Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…225-226). The next parameters, c 1 F T (T), c 2 F C (C) are the influence functions of the therapist on the client, and of the client on the therapist, respectively (6).…”

Section: Dynamical Systems Mathematical Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A B C D E Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the role of emotion and expertise in psychotherapy: An application of dynamical systems mathematical modeling to an entire course of therapy

et al. 2023

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Paradoxical interventions: A meta-analysis.

Peluso¹,

Freund²

2023

Psychotherapy

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This article outlines the evidence base for the use of paradoxical interventions (PIs) in individual psychotherapy. Often misunderstood, PIs have shown long-term (distal) impacts on clinical outcomes, yet a review of the existing literature on these interventions illustrates a trending decline in consideration and use within both research and applied settings. Definitions of PIs and their constituent elements are presented along with clinical examples. We conducted one meta-analysis comparing PIs with a placebo or control and another comparing PIs to other therapeutic methods. PIs demonstrated a large effect (d = 1.1, k = 17 studies) compared to controls and a medium effect size (d = .49, k = 17 studies) compared to other therapeutic methods. We included a review of several case studies using PIs as well. Among the salient findings, there is a lack of assessment measure to track the implementation of PIs in session or a method to track their in-session effects. Further, there is a dearth of contemporary quantitative experimental research and development of PIs. We further advocate for the development and integration of PI training and supervision into clinical education and posteducation programs, given the current data demonstrating clinical utility. Clinical Impact StatementQuestion: This article provides a review of the existing research investigating the clinical utility and efficacy of paradoxical interventions (PI) in psychotherapy. Findings: PIs were shown to have positive effects on patients' symptoms compared to either a control group or when compared to other techniques. Meaning: PIs are useful techniques that can be employed by clinicians in appropriate settings. Next Steps: Based on this study, the researchers advocate for continued research on and the development of PIs for modern practice, as well as the inclusion of PIs in modern training and supervision programs.

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A Formal Model of Affiliative Interpersonality

Westermann,

Banisch

2024

Clinical Psychological Science

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Capturing the complexity of interpersonal dynamics—emerging from approach and avoidance motives of two individuals in dyadic interplay—remains challenging. In line with calls for embracing complexity in psychological research using formal modeling, we employed evolutionary game theory to investigate the underlying mechanisms of affiliative interpersonality. We constructed a relational state space that represents the ways of relating available in the momentary state of an interpersonal relationship. Next, we modeled relationships as trajectories in that relational space. Qualitatively different interpersonal dynamics emerged: (a) global stability with only one relational attractor (e.g., pure reciprocal friendliness), (b) bistability with two mutually exclusive attractors (e.g., either pure friendliness or pure distance), and (c) cycles between friendliness and distance in the relational space. The bistable dynamics appear to resemble the phenomenon of interpersonal complementarity (e.g., friendliness invites friendliness). Furthermore, the model generates psychopathologically relevant dynamics (e.g., oscillating, unstable interpersonal relationships in borderline personality disorder).

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Using dynamical systems mathematical modeling to examine the impact emotional expression on the therapeutic relationship: A demonstration across three psychotherapeutic theoretical approaches

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

Understanding the role of emotion and expertise in psychotherapy: An application of dynamical systems mathematical modeling to an entire course of therapy

Understanding the role of emotion and expertise in psychotherapy: An application of dynamical systems mathematical modeling to an entire course of therapy

Paradoxical interventions: A meta-analysis.

A Formal Model of Affiliative Interpersonality

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