Using design geometrical features to develop an analytical cost estimation method for axisymmetric components in open-die forging

Key features and novel trends for developing cost engineering methods for forged components: a systematic literature review

“…Campi et al, [31] compare the different techniques with three assessment levels: low, medium, and high. The comparison is based on five features: accuracy, robustness, scalability, uncertainty, and subjectivity.…”

“…Quantitative methods are robust and accurate because assessment uses a product decomposition structure to collect cost factors associated with production processes and morphological components' features [35]. As a general outcome, in forging technology, quantitative methods are the most suitable choice for assessing product costs during the design phase [31]. The literature highlighted the importance of knowledge management in the evaluation of product cost, in particular in the definition of two key factors: (i) cost models and relationships for the assessment, and (ii) input parameters [36].…”

“…Analytical and parametric models are the most widespread and are well distributed over the years. Knight et al and Campi et al developed analytical cost models for the closed-die and the open-die forging, respectively [31,53]. Both methods provided a cost estimation of a forged component using material type and the forged dimensions as input data.…”

“…nickel alloys) requires higher temperatures, higher energy, and load compared to more forgeable material (e.g. aluminium), increasing then the final costs [31,44,45,48,53,54]. Forging material type also impacts the equipment cost; indeed, it affects the die life, and consequently, the maintenance operations [53,54].…”

“…In some cases, the V f parameter is used as the main cost driver to calculate the total cost of a forged part [37,51,72]. V f is also used to assess the forging load/energy necessary to deform the part and, consequently, choose the forging machines [31]. The forging energy/load can also be determined by using the plan or projected area of the forged part (A pf ) [45,53,54], which is the projection of the part on the forging plane.…”