“…Ref. Description Programmability [**] Embedding a program in a QR code to make it executable Anti-counterfeiting [36] Placing hidden information within the QR code to prevent its copy/falsification [37] Use of visual features combined with QR codes to guarantee the authenticity of a product Improving beauty [38] Generation of artistic QR codes, which are embedded in a picture [39] Embedding a QR code within a micrography image [40] Embedding a QR code within a picture [41] Inserting a QR code in a picture by using deep learning technology Improving other technologies [42] Integrating QR codes and RFID technologies to decrease the complexity of RFID circuitry Improving recognition [43] Using an adaptive method based on binarization to improve recognition quality [44] Improving recognition quality when QR codes are placed in an uneven surface [45] Reducing the size of information in a QR code to improve recognition performance [46] A deblurring method is used to improve acquisition quality of QR codes [47] Improving recognition quality of QR code by fastly restoring out-of-focus blurred images [48] Removing perspective by identifying the vertex of a QR code [49] Improve the performance in recognizing multiple QR codes in a picture Increasing capacity [50] Increasing the capacity of a QR code by means of lossless compression [51] Using colored QR codes to improve the storage capacity [52] Improving the encoding efficiency of Chinese characters based on the use frequency Multiple information [53] Embedding three layers of information within one QR code [54] Embedding two layers of information within one QR code [55] Placing a QR code inside another QR code and reading both with different angles Printing type [56] QR codes printed with ink sensitive to pH for quality monitoring of food freshness [57] QR code is printed on a sand core surface for traceability [58] Printing the QR code by caving it on the surface of an object Security [59] Embedding a secret within the QR code by using colors [60] Embedding a secret within the QR code [61] Embedding a secret within the QR code for authentication [...…”
QR codes are increasingly used in a plurality of scenarios, and research activities are being successfully carried out to improve this technology and widen its contexts of applicability. After an extensive survey of the state-of-the-art on the subject, this work presents the new, promising possibility to embed a programming language in a QR code.This new kind of executable QR codes, we named eQR codes, enable interaction with end users even in the absence of an Internet connection, and provide a sort of IoT paradigm where intelligence is embedded in the object tag in the form of a program. Among all the possible languages that can be embedded, this work focuses on a powerful but compact (in terms of QR code storage occupation) dialect, termed QRtree, which is aimed at implementing decision trees. The eQR code technology makes a new class of applications possible, e.g., providing hints for navigation or instructions for using rescue devices in places with no network coverage like mountains and caves. Smart interactive user manuals are enabled as well.Besides defining the QRtree language and eQR code structure, this paper describes all the steps needed to generate eQR codes and to manage their execution in end-user devices. A simple yet realistic example and the related code are also presented, to practically show how this technology can be used to solve realworld problems. For the example, the QRtree version of the code takes 234 B, less than one-half the size of an equivalent program in Python bytecode (634 B).
“…Ref. Description Programmability [**] Embedding a program in a QR code to make it executable Anti-counterfeiting [36] Placing hidden information within the QR code to prevent its copy/falsification [37] Use of visual features combined with QR codes to guarantee the authenticity of a product Improving beauty [38] Generation of artistic QR codes, which are embedded in a picture [39] Embedding a QR code within a micrography image [40] Embedding a QR code within a picture [41] Inserting a QR code in a picture by using deep learning technology Improving other technologies [42] Integrating QR codes and RFID technologies to decrease the complexity of RFID circuitry Improving recognition [43] Using an adaptive method based on binarization to improve recognition quality [44] Improving recognition quality when QR codes are placed in an uneven surface [45] Reducing the size of information in a QR code to improve recognition performance [46] A deblurring method is used to improve acquisition quality of QR codes [47] Improving recognition quality of QR code by fastly restoring out-of-focus blurred images [48] Removing perspective by identifying the vertex of a QR code [49] Improve the performance in recognizing multiple QR codes in a picture Increasing capacity [50] Increasing the capacity of a QR code by means of lossless compression [51] Using colored QR codes to improve the storage capacity [52] Improving the encoding efficiency of Chinese characters based on the use frequency Multiple information [53] Embedding three layers of information within one QR code [54] Embedding two layers of information within one QR code [55] Placing a QR code inside another QR code and reading both with different angles Printing type [56] QR codes printed with ink sensitive to pH for quality monitoring of food freshness [57] QR code is printed on a sand core surface for traceability [58] Printing the QR code by caving it on the surface of an object Security [59] Embedding a secret within the QR code by using colors [60] Embedding a secret within the QR code [61] Embedding a secret within the QR code for authentication [...…”
QR codes are increasingly used in a plurality of scenarios, and research activities are being successfully carried out to improve this technology and widen its contexts of applicability. After an extensive survey of the state-of-the-art on the subject, this work presents the new, promising possibility to embed a programming language in a QR code.This new kind of executable QR codes, we named eQR codes, enable interaction with end users even in the absence of an Internet connection, and provide a sort of IoT paradigm where intelligence is embedded in the object tag in the form of a program. Among all the possible languages that can be embedded, this work focuses on a powerful but compact (in terms of QR code storage occupation) dialect, termed QRtree, which is aimed at implementing decision trees. The eQR code technology makes a new class of applications possible, e.g., providing hints for navigation or instructions for using rescue devices in places with no network coverage like mountains and caves. Smart interactive user manuals are enabled as well.Besides defining the QRtree language and eQR code structure, this paper describes all the steps needed to generate eQR codes and to manage their execution in end-user devices. A simple yet realistic example and the related code are also presented, to practically show how this technology can be used to solve realworld problems. For the example, the QRtree version of the code takes 234 B, less than one-half the size of an equivalent program in Python bytecode (634 B).
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