Using chemical speciation modelling to discuss variations in patch test reactions to different aluminium and chromium salts

Nikpour, Saman; Hedberg, Yolanda

doi:10.1111/cod.13904

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…24,25 Also, the acidification from the chloride ions will increase skin penetration. 26 The small increase in penetration of Ni ions found does not seem to fully explain the significant results we got. However, the difference in penetration of MI-aq and MI-Al20 therefore became interesting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Effects of aluminium chloride added to common patch test substances

et al. 2023

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Background: A modulating effect of aluminium regarding type IV reactions might exist but has not been further investigated. Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on patch test reactions when adding aluminium chloride hexahydrate (Al-Cl) to common test preparations. Materials and methods: Al-Cl in different concentrations was added to nickel sulphate 15.0% aqua (Ni), methylisothiazolinone 0.2% aqua (MI) and fragrance mix I 10.0% aqua/ethanol (FM I). The Ni preparations were tested in 120 consecutive patients. MI and FM I were tested in participants known to have contact allergy to the respective allergen. McNemar's test was used to decide which Ni preparation had the highest sensitivity. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to calculate pairwise comparison in summarized test score for the preparations with MI and FM I.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Effects of aluminium chloride added to common patch test substances

et al. 2023

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“…61,62 The special physicochemical properties of aluminum have also been hypothesized to be the explanation for the unexpected dose-response curves concerning elicitation for aluminum salts 57,62 and for the variation in patch test reactivity over time. 58,62 PATCH TESTING WITH ALUMINUM Over the years, many different test materials have been used to detect aluminum contact allergy. Elemental aluminum has been used as an empty aluminum test chamber, aluminum foil, and aluminum particles.…”

Section: Is There An Increase In Aluminum Contact Allergy?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,11,21,31,32 It can be speculated whether physicochemical properties of aluminum may play a role in inducing cutaneous eruptions. 61,62 The special physicochemical properties of aluminum have also been hypothesized to be the explanation for the unexpected dose-response curves concerning elicitation for aluminum salts 57,62 and for the variation in patch test reactivity over time. 58,62 PATCH TESTING WITH ALUMINUM Over the years, many different test materials have been used to detect aluminum contact allergy.…”

Section: Is There An Increase In Aluminum Contact Allergy?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, before the Swedish report in 2003 on aluminum allergy related to an aluminum-containing vaccine, there were many Danish reports on aluminum allergy related to aluminum hydroxide in ASIT preparations and vaccines 9,11,21,31,32 . It can be speculated whether physicochemical properties of aluminum may play a role in inducing cutaneous eruptions 61,62 . The special physicochemical properties of aluminum have also been hypothesized to be the explanation for the unexpected dose-response curves concerning elicitation for aluminum salts 57,62 and for the variation in patch test reactivity over time 58,62 …”

Section: Is There An Increase In Aluminum Contact Allergy?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aluminum—Allergen of the Year 2022

Bruze¹,

Netterlid²,

Siemund³

2022

Dermatitis

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Exposure to elemental aluminum and its salts is unavoidable. Aluminum as a metal is present in transport, construction, packaging, and electronic equipment. Aluminum salts are present in consumer products, food items and drinking water, vaccines, drugs, and antiperspirants. Aluminum in vaccines and preparations for allergen-specific immunotherapy are the major sensitization sources. The predominent clinical manifestations of aluminum allergy are pruritic subcutaneous nodules and eczematous dermatitis. Patch testing shall be performed with aluminum chloride hexahydrate (ACH) in petrolatum. The preparation with ACH 10% detects substantially more aluminum allergy than ACH 2%. A patch test with elemental aluminum, for example, an empty Finn Chamber, is only positive when there is a strong aluminum allergy. A patch test reading should be performed 1 week after the application so as not to miss 15% to 20% of aluminum allergy. Aluminum should be included in any baseline patch test series for children and investigated for a possible inclusion in baseline series for adults. Aluminum test chambers can interfere with the testing resulting in both false-negative and false-positive patch test reactions to nonaluminum contact sensitizers.A luminum has within the periodic system the symbol Al and atom number 13. Its weight is 26.98. Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust; approximately 8% of the crust consists of aluminum. It is rare to find aluminum in its elemental form because it is too reactive. Pure aluminum virtually always forms compounds by bonding to other elements, oxygen being a favorite. In our environment, aluminum is present as oxides. EXPOSUREAluminum is widely used and contact with its elemental form or its salts is unavoidable. The metal form of aluminum has many advantages because it is soft, nonmagnetic, light, corrosion resistant, and recyclable. Aluminum as a metal is, therefore, used in applications such as in transport, packaging, construction, electronic equipment, household goods, and as alloys in medicine and dentistry. Aluminum as a trivalent metal cation, Al 3+ , can be found in many different aluminum salts with various properties. These salts are, therefore, used in industry, cosmetics, sunscreens, dental restorations, food, and medicine. [1][2][3] Aluminum is also found in drinking water. 3 Examples of the use of aluminum salts include aluminum sulfate, which is used in water purification and paper production. Aluminum acetate and aluminum acetotartrate are used as astringents in solutions. Aluminum chloride hexahydrate (ACH) and aluminum chlorohydrate are used in antiperspirants. In antacids, aluminum hydroxide can be used. Aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate are added to many vaccines to enhance the immune response in the treated individuals. Aluminum may also be found in tattoo pigments. 4

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“…Due to its physicochemical properties, patch testing for aluminum allergy is complicated, and historically there has been a lack of consensus on the ideal test formulation. 1,27,28 At this time, it appears that the most sensitive formulation for patch testing to aluminum is ACH 10% in petrolatum. 1 Some contact dermatitis experts recommend that children younger than 8 years should be tested with ACH 2% in petrolatum to minimize the risk of extreme patch test reactions.…”

Section: Patch Testing To Aluminummentioning

confidence: 99%

Aluminum: The 2022 American Contact Dermatitis Society Allergen of the Year

Novack

Adler

2022

Cutis

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Aluminum recently was selected as the 2022 Allergen of the Year by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. Aluminum contact allergy, which most often is related to its use as an adjuvant in select vaccines and allergen-specific immunotherapies, tends to present with pruritic subcutaneous nodules at the injection site. Allergy to aluminum-containing antiperspirants manifests as axillary vault dermatitis. In this article, we highlight the growing recognition of aluminum contact allergy, particularly in the pediatric population, focusing on distinct presentations of aluminum allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), unique sources of exposure, and nuances of patch testing to this metal.

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Using chemical speciation modelling to discuss variations in patch test reactions to different aluminium and chromium salts

Cited by 5 publications

References 28 publications

Effects of aluminium chloride added to common patch test substances

Effects of aluminium chloride added to common patch test substances

Aluminum—Allergen of the Year 2022

Aluminum: The 2022 American Contact Dermatitis Society Allergen of the Year

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