Using Carbon Dioxide in Fisheries and Aquatic Invasive Species Management

Challenging environmental conditions can induce voluntary behavioral avoidance in animals. Dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) is an environmental stressor that was previously shown to upregulate the stress axis in fish and also causes voluntary avoidance. Variation in individual state or context, such as whether an animal is fasted or fed, can alter animal behavior, including the response to environmental challenges. In the current study, we sought to define the influence of nutritional status on the response of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides to elevated CO2. Two groups of Largemouth Bass—one fed group and one fasted group—were first subjected to a CO2 shuttling protocol to define avoidance thresholds, followed by a CO2 tolerance protocol to define the time required to lose equilibrium and recover. Data showed that although feeding and fasting had no influence on the avoidance of CO2, fasted fish required 17% longer to lose equilibrium in elevated CO2. Avoidance of elevated CO2 is therefore independent of animal state, but fish in poor nutritional condition from fasting are more tolerant. Thus, managers considering elevated CO2 as a nonphysical barrier to deter fish movements should be cognizant of food availability, as fasted animals may require increased partial pressures of CO2 to ensure successful deterrence.

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“…; Treanor et al. ). As such, there are potential mechanisms by which wild fish could be exposed to elevated CO 2 in the future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The prospect of deploying zones of elevated CO 2 barriers to prevent the movement and establishment of invasive fishes is growing in popularity (Treanor et al. ), having been successfully demonstrated for invasive Sea Lampreys Petromyzon marinus (Dennis et al. 2016b), bigheaded carp Hypophthalmichthys spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Nutritional Status on Carbon Dioxide Tolerance and Avoidance Behavior in a Freshwater Teleost

2019

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“…, Treanor et al. ). In outdoor raceways, carbon dioxide was not 100% effective in blocking upstream passage by silver carp and bighead carp (Cupp et al.…”

Section: Biological Traits and Selective Fish Passagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fish avoid areas with elevated carbon dioxide concentrations and thus infusing this gas into movement bottleneck areas such as boat locks could deter upstream passage. It does not appear that carbon dioxide plumes would afford much opportunity for selective fish passage since the testing to date indicates that most species and fish sizes show avoidance of this dissolved gas (Donaldson et al 2016, Treanor et al 2017. In outdoor raceways, carbon dioxide was not 100% effective in blocking upstream passage by silver carp and bighead carp (Cupp et al 2017).…”

Section: Sensory Capabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective fragmentation and the management of fish movement across anthropogenic barriers

Rahel

McLaughlin

2018

Ecological Applications

107

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Disruption of movement patterns due to alterations in habitat connectivity is a pervasive effect of humans on animal populations. In many terrestrial and aquatic systems, there is increasing tension between the need to simultaneously allow passage of some species while blocking the passage of other species. We explore the ecological basis for selective fragmentation of riverine systems where the need to restrict movements of invasive species conflicts with the need to allow passage of species of commercial, recreational, or conservation concern. We develop a trait-based framework for selective fish passage based on understanding the types of movements displayed by fishes and the role of ecological filters in determining the spatial distributions of fishes. We then synthesize information on trait-based mechanisms involved with these filters to create a multidimensional niche space based on attributes such as physical capabilities, body morphology, sensory capabilities, behavior, and movement phenology. Following this, we review how these mechanisms have been applied to achieve selective fish passage across anthropogenic barriers. To date, trap-and-sort or capture-translocation efforts provide the best options for movement filters that are completely species selective, but these methods are hampered by the continual, high cost of manual sorting. Other less effective methods of selective passage risk collateral damage in the form of lower or higher than desired levels of passage. Fruitful areas for future work include using combinations of ecological and behavioral traits to passively segregate species; using taxon-specific chemical or auditory cues to direct unwanted species away from passageways and into physical or ecological traps while attracting desirable species to passageways; and developing automated sorting mechanisms based on fish recognition systems. The trait-based approach proposed for fish could serve as a template for selective fragmentation in other ecological systems.

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“…Recent development of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as a piscicide could expand the use of control chemicals in fisheries management (Treanor et al. ). Rotenone is currently the only piscicide registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for nonselective fish population control (Rach et al.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Piscicide Treatments

Cupp

Smerud

Tix

et al. 2018

N American J Fish Manag

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Few chemicals are approved to control or eradicate nuisance fish populations in the United States. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is currently being developed and studied as a new piscicide option for nonselective population control. This study evaluated dry ice (solid state CO 2 ) as a simple CO 2 delivery method during winter piscicide applications. Nonnative Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Bighead Carp H. nobilis, and native Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas were overwintered together in ice-covered ponds treated with 25 kg dry ice/100,000 L (low treatment) or 50 kg dry ice/100,000 L (high treatment). Overwinter fish survival was significantly reduced in ponds treated with dry ice relative to untreated control ponds. Fathead Minnows were less susceptible to CO 2 exposure than the carps, with 26-96% survival in low-treatment ponds and 4-68% survival in high-treatment ponds. Silver Carp and Bighead Carp were more sensitive to CO 2 treatments and no individuals of either species survived in ponds with the high-treatment level. Water samples were also collected in all ponds throughout this study, and we observed notably higher Silver Carp and Bighead Carp environmental DNA (eDNA) concentrations in dry-ice-treated ponds relative to untreated control ponds. Distinct changes in eDNA trends correlated with fish mortality, and results indicate that eDNA sampling could be a useful indicator of piscicide efficacy. This study demonstrates that CO 2 administered as dry ice is an effective under-ice piscicide method. Before CO 2 treatmentCO 2 (mg/L) 1.8 (0.2-3.8) 1.5 (0.2-3.8) 1.6 (0.2-3.4) pCO 2 (μatm) 436 (2-1,310) 402 (19-1,197) 439 (1-1,079) pH 8.36 (7.79-9.03) 8.43 (7.79-9.20) 8.51 (7.83-10.23) Temperature (°C) 1.3 (0.0-8.8) 1.2 (0.0-8.8) 1.3 (0.0-8.3) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 15.5 (8.9-19.5) 15.6 (9.1-20.8) 14.4 (10.0-20.0) TAN (mg/L) 0.103 (0.001-0.219) 0.086 (0.001-0.226) 0.145 (0.020-0.399) Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) 151.1 (78.2-209.0) 142.6 (42.8-216.0) 151.8 (44.6-291.0) Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) 193.2 (130.0-236.0) 187.1 (111.0-226.0) 191.1 (96.2-250.0) Ice thickness (cm) 15.0 (0.0-26.7) 15.0 (0.0-29.2) 15.0 (0.0-30.5) Snow depth (cm) 1.8 After CO 2 treatment CO 2 (mg/L) 1.7 (0.4-3.8) 120.1 (46.0-254.0) 212.7 (44.0-444.0) pCO 2 (μatm)196 (8-959) 19,167 (9,882-30,899) 38,993 (9,404-120,306) pH 8.73 (7.82-9.85) 6.59 (6.36-6.89) 6.37 (5.83-6.68) Temperature (°C) 0.3 (0.0-2.0) 0.4 (0.0-3.0) 0.3 (0.0-3.5) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 18.4 (14.8-21.2) 20.26 (17.5-21.7) 19.8 (17.3-21.6) TAN (mg/L) 0.113 (0.014-0.026) 0.032 (0.018-0.057) 0.031 (0.001-0.076) Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) 106.7 (49.5-144.0) 167.0 (138.0-208.0) 186.2 (67.2-319.0) Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) 146.5 (80.4-200.0) 205.7 (178.2-256.4) 224.7 (99.4-361.8) Ice thickness (cm) 20.0 (7.6-27.9) 10.8 (2.5-20.3) 10.9 (2.5-20.3) Snow depth (cm) 0.3 (0.0-1.3) 0.2 (0.0-1.3) 0.2 (0.0-0.6) 1246 CUPP ET AL.

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Using Carbon Dioxide in Fisheries and Aquatic Invasive Species Management

Cited by 23 publications

References 79 publications

Influence of Nutritional Status on Carbon Dioxide Tolerance and Avoidance Behavior in a Freshwater Teleost

Influence of Nutritional Status on Carbon Dioxide Tolerance and Avoidance Behavior in a Freshwater Teleost

Selective fragmentation and the management of fish movement across anthropogenic barriers

Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Piscicide Treatments

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