Using ammonia as a sustainable fuel

Nitrogen‐Based Fuels: A Power‐to‐Fuel‐to‐Power Analysis

“…[3,4] This,i nt urn, depends on finding effective economic technologies for hydrogen production from seawater. Once such technologies are available,c hemical storage of hydrogen will be required due to the extremely low volumetric energy density of pure hydrogen and the potential safety and infrastructure cost issues related to its distribution on aglobal scale.Large-scale chemical hydrogen storage can be achieved in the form of af uel via carbon or nitrogen as the main hydrogen carriers using CO 2 [5,6] or N 2 [7][8][9] to produce carbon-or nitrogen-based fuels,r espectively.C O 2 and N 2 could both be obtained from the atmosphere.W hile the large-scale separation of about 400 ppm CO 2 from the atmosphere [10] is acomplex engineering challenge, [11] the global accessibility and abundance of nitrogen (78.09 vol %o fdrya ir at sea level) [12] might enable the large-scale production of ammonia and its fertilizer derivatives which could be utilized as fuels," fertilizing" the future energy portfolio.D espite their potential, nitrogenbased fuels have been missing in previous assessments of future storage systems. [13] Herein, we address the question of how to effectively chemically storeh ydrogeno btainedf romr enewable sources.…”

Ammonia and gasoline composite liquid fuel blends emulsified with ethanol and methanol for direct displacement in internal combustion engines

“…Thus ammonia and gasoline blends have a higher octane rating than pure gasoline. In general cooling power of an internal combustion engine is estimated to be 7.2% of the engine power [6]. Higher specific heat capacity of ammonia can help to reduce the combustion temperature inside the combustion chamber which results in lower cooling power.…”

“…Higher specific heat capacity of ammonia can help to reduce the combustion temperature inside the combustion chamber which results in lower cooling power. These factors can be considered as the reasons for increase in power and torque levels and decrease in exhaust temperature particularly at higher engine speeds [6]. Engine knocking issues can be expected to be eliminated with the increased octane number.…”

“…Dual ammonia-diesel fuel systems for CI engines and ammonia-gasoline fuel systems for SI engines have been studied in the literature extensively [6][7][8][9][10]. These studies use methods such as dual fuel storage systems which inject ammonia in to the combustion chamber at the point of injection or on-board catalytic reforming of hydrogen from ammonia.…”

Ammonia as a Hydrogen Source for Fuel Cells: A Review

“…Alternatively ammonia may be oxidized directly in fuel cells without the need for a separate reactor. Table 1 compares the storage capabilities of various fuels based on their higher heating value (HHV) [3]. Hydrogen has a very low energy density (per volume) because of its low density.…”