Using Actigraphy to Assess Chronotype and Physical Activity in Older Adults

Abstract

Chronotype refers to the time of day that people prefer to be active or to sleep and varies predictably across the lifespan. In younger samples, the morning-chronotype is related to greater levels of physical activity (PA) and improved health outcomes. It is unclear whether this pattern holds in older adults, a group that commonly exhibits an “early bird” preference. We investigated differences in PA patterns between chronotypes in 109 older adults (Mage = 70.45 years) using wrist-worn ActiGraphs in a free-living environment. ActiGraphs captured data about PA and sleep using a novel approach to measuring chronotype with the mid-point of the sleep interval. We categorized participants as morning-, intermediate-, or evening-chronotypes. We used ANCOVA to predict total and average peak PA from chronotype, adjusting for age, sex, education, and BMI. Total PA significantly differed between chronotypes such that evening-types engaged in less PA than both morning- and intermediate-types, F (2,102) = 4.377, p =.015. Average peak activity did not differ between chronotypes, p =.112. Consistent with findings in younger samples, our evening type participants engaged in less overall activity. A unique finding was that evening-types did not differ from their morning- and intermediate-chronotype peers in peak activity levels. This implies a key distinction between total activity and peak activity levels consistent with recent trends in PA research using a 24-hour-a-day framework instead of average or total activity levels. Future research should consider whether these differences in activity patterns translate into meaningful differences in health benefits in this age group.

Frontal P300 asymmetry and congruence judgment: Retroactive switching is impaired during school day mornings in female adolescents

“…One aspect which we did not focus on during our analysis is the influence of individual chronotype on cognitive function. For instance, it is suggested that testing evening chronotypes in the morning can result in worse vigilance or executive function compared to individuals with a morning chronotype ( Hicks et al, 2023 ). In another study it was found that evening chronotypes correlate negatively with academic achievement, while morning chronotypes show the opposite ( Enright and Refinetti, 2017 ; Preckel et al, 2011 ).…”