Using a Virtual Environment to Examine How Children Cross Streets: Advancing Our Understanding of How Injury Risk Arises

Morrongiello, Barbara A.; Corbett, Michael; Milanovic, Melissa; Beer, Jonathan

doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsv078

Cited by 40 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Both self-reported sickness and observed simulator sickness were minimal, again matching previous findings (Schwebel et al 2008). Convergent validity with behavior in a large semi-immersive virtual environment and with self-reported personality was demonstrated; this finding is comparable to previous reports between child temperament and pedestrian behavior in a simulator (Schwebel et al 2008) as well as research using other virtual pedestrian environments that demonstrate evidence of convergent validity based on developmental trends whereby younger children take greater risks in simulated pedestrian settings than older children (e.g., Morrongiello et al 2016) and both older children and adults (e.g., Meir et al 2015). Public health theorists conceptualize four steps to successful prevention of negative health outcomes (Mercy et al 1993).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Using smartphone technology to deliver a virtual pedestrian environment: usability and validation

Schwebel

Severson

2016

Virtual Reality

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Various programs effectively teach children to cross streets more safely, but all are labor- and cost-intensive. Recent developments in mobile phone technology offer opportunity to deliver virtual reality pedestrian environments to mobile smartphone platforms. Such an environment may offer a cost- and labor-effective strategy to teach children to cross streets safely. This study evaluated usability, feasibility, and validity of a smartphone-based virtual pedestrian environment. A total of 68 adults completed 12 virtual crossings within each of two virtual pedestrian environments, one delivered by smartphone and the other a semi-immersive kiosk virtual environment. Participants completed self-report measures of perceived realism and simulator sickness experienced in each virtual environment, plus self-reported demographic and personality characteristics. All participants followed system instructions and used the smartphone-based virtual environment without difficulty. No significant simulator sickness was reported or observed. Users rated the smartphone virtual environment as highly realistic. Convergent validity was detected, with many aspects of pedestrian behavior in the smartphone-based virtual environment matching behavior in the kiosk virtual environment. Anticipated correlations between personality and kiosk virtual reality pedestrian behavior emerged for the smartphone-based system. A smartphone-based virtual environment can be usable and valid. Future research should develop and evaluate such a training system.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Using smartphone technology to deliver a virtual pedestrian environment: usability and validation

Schwebel

Severson

2016

Virtual Reality

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“…Despite decreased sensitivity to looming and the use of evasive action, recent research adopting virtual reality paradigms demonstrate that children appear to choose similar temporal gaps to adults suggesting both age groups use similar perceptual information when detecting gap affordances (Morrongiello, Corbett, Milanovic, & Beer, 2015;Plumert et al, 2004;Plumert, Kearney, Cremer, Recker, & Strutt, 2011). The present study aims to address the question if children and adults use the same perceptual information to inform decisionmaking and if the optical variable used directly specifies time remaining until an approaching car arrives (TTA).…”

Section: Age-related Differences In the Perception Of Gap Affordancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related differences in the perception of gap affordances: Impact of standardized action capabilities on road-crossing judgements

Stafford

Whyatt

Craig

2019

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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Recent road-crossing literature has found that older adults show performance differences between estimation and perception-action tasks suggesting an age-related difficulty in accurately calibrating the information picked up from the surrounding environment to their action capabilities (Lobjois & Cavallo, 2009). The present study investigated whether participants could accurately perceive gap affordances via information that specifies the timeto-arrival of the approaching cars. To ensure the opportunities for action were the same across different age groups, independent of the actor's action capabilities, the action of crossing the road was standardised. A total of 45 participants (15 children, aged 10-12, 15 adults aged 19-39, 15 older adults aged 65+) were asked to judge, by pressing a button in a head-mounted display, whether the gap between oncoming cars afforded crossing. When the participant pressed the button, they moved across the road at a fixed speed. Adherence to a time-based variable (namely tau) explained 85% and 84% of the variance in both the children and adults' choices, respectively. Older adults tuned less into the time-based variable (tau) with it only accounting for 59% of the variance in road-crossing decisions. These findings suggest that, the ability to use tau information which specifies whether a gap affords crossing or not, deteriorates with age.

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“…This paradigm led to stronger sensory recalibration (32) and recruited different adaptation mechanisms (33) than non-immersive sensory alterations. Thanks to the recent development of lightweight HMDs, the use of VR has expanded to numerous applications designed for children, including neurodevelopmental research (30,(34)(35)(36), neurorehabilitation (37)(38)(39)(40), or distraction from painful medical procedures (41,42). Yet, the majority of these applications offer none or limited interactions with the virtual environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…of Condition (F(2,35) = 36.07 p < 0.001, p 2 = 0.508), and Control (F(1,35) = 342.80, p < 0.001, p 2 = 0.907), and Age:Condition (F(6,70) = 11.97, p < 0.001, p 2 = 0.506), Age:Control (F(3,35) …”

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confidence: 99%

Immersive virtual reality interferes with default head-trunk coordination strategies in young children

Miehlbradt

Cuturi

Zanchi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Developing coordinated motor control is essential for competent interactions with the surrounding world, and requires a balanced multisensory integration. This integration can be challenged under altered sensory feedback, as is the case for vision in immersive virtual reality (VR). While recent works suggest that a virtual sensory environment alters visuomotor integration in healthy adults, little is known about the effects on younger individuals. Here, we assessed the development of head-trunk coordination in children aged 6 to 10 years and young adults using an immersive flight simulation and a virtual joint angle reproduction task. Contrarily to previous results, when vision was decoupled from the steering body part, only older children and adults displayed a joint ('en-bloc') head-torso operation mode. Our results reveal that immersive VR affects the coordination strategy in younger children, and highlight the immaturity of postural control through the inability to implement a simplified coordination strategy. These findings have implications for pediatric applications of immersive VR, and reveal its usability as an investigation tool for sensorimotor maturation.

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Using a Virtual Environment to Examine How Children Cross Streets: Advancing Our Understanding of How Injury Risk Arises

Abstract: Dependence on distance cues increases children's risk of injury as pedestrians when crossing in a variety of traffic situations.

Cited by 40 publications

References 41 publications

Using smartphone technology to deliver a virtual pedestrian environment: usability and validation

Using smartphone technology to deliver a virtual pedestrian environment: usability and validation

Age-related differences in the perception of gap affordances: Impact of standardized action capabilities on road-crossing judgements

Immersive virtual reality interferes with default head-trunk coordination strategies in young children

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