“…They allow the automation of many monitoring tasks, enabling much wider spatio-temporal coverage than previous methods (Christin et al, 2019; Weinstein, 2019). Deep learning system have been applied to tasks as diverse as detecting species in complex environments (e.g Conrady et al, 2022; Dufourq et al, 2022; Fu et al, 2022; She et al, 2022; van Klink et al, 2022), censusing populations (Adi et al, 2010), surveying breeding success of potentially endangered species (Teixeira et al, 2022), or tracking invasive species both for plants and animals (Campos et al, 2022; Li et al, 2021; Takimoto et al, 2021). Beyond the species level, observing individual animals remains a challenge for researchers (Ferreira et al, 2020) despite its essential role in ecological and behavioural studies (Clutton-Brock and Sheldon, 2010; Terry et al, 2005).…”