Using a Squat Toilet: Aging in a Developing Country

Hirst, Sandra P.

doi:10.3928/00989134-20130604-01

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…There are several types of toilets. Therefore, a characterization was proposed based on (1) the position adopted by the user (standing [26], squatting [27], sitting [28], etc.) and (2) the evacuation method of humanure from the user interface was also taken into consideration, including options like dry/flush urine-diverting toilets, dry toilets, and flush toilets.…”

Section: User Interfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A User-Friendly and Sustainable Toilet Based on Vermicomposting

Alonso-Marroquin,

Qadir,

Nazha

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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Environmental awareness has sparked increasing interest in changing the way humans interact with their environment. This awareness includes the change in paradigm of considering human manure (humanure) not as a waste but as a valuable bioproduct instead. In this regard, composting is an age-old technique for nutrient recovery that has gained renewed interest, as it may be a sanitary and financially viable solution to closing the loop of human–nature interactions. This work investigates environmental solutions for toilet systems that are user-friendly and sustainable based on systems that filter nutrients via vermicomposting. The methodology is based on (1) reviewing several surveys across different continents to select the most appropriate interface of a targeted society, and (2) investigating the microbial dynamics of vermicomposting. The microbial activity was compared with the activity of the aerobic composting systems by measuring soil temperature, soil composition, decomposition rate, stabilization factor, and biological diversity. The microbial decomposition process in vermicomposting was faster due to the presence of earthworms, but the increase in temperature and volatile ammonia led to the earthworms burrowing into the soil. Overall, the flush toilet is still the most socially accepted toilet interface, and the connection of vermicomposting to this toilet interface poses challenges in managing high ammonia content and maintaining healthy conditions for the earthworm population.

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Section: User Interfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Standing is commonly used for male urination [26]. Squatting is an organic posture that helps to build the pressure required for easy evacuation [27]. Sitting is a comfortable position that requires physical contact with the toilet, which is widely adopted in Western societies [28].…”

Section: User Interfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A User-Friendly and Sustainable Toilet Based on Vermicomposting

Alonso-Marroquin,

Qadir,

Nazha

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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“…User practices that involve physical straining or exertion while the ring is in placesuch as defaecation, urination, squatting, strenuous activity, lifting heavy objects, intercourse, and practices around menstruationcan result in involuntary ring expulsions [114][115][116][117][118][119]. For example, in certain countries and cultures, a squatting posture is adopted either when resting/sedentary or when using a toilet or pit latrine [120]. Although squatting itself involves higher levels of low level muscle activity compared to sitting [121], it likely needs to be combined with straining of the muscles to produce sufficient force to expel a vaginal ring.…”

Section: User Practicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ins and outs of drug-releasing vaginal rings: a literature review of expulsions and removals

Boyd

Merkatz

Variano

et al. 2020

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

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1. Introduction 2. Factors potentially affecting ring expulsion 2.1. Dimensions of the human vagina 2.2. Ring dimensions 2.3. Types and grades of polymeric materials used to manufacture vaginal rings Silicone elastomers Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers Thermoplastic polyurethanes2.4. Mechanical performance of rings 2.5. Ring insertion and location of ring placement in the vagina 2.6. Changes in cervical/vaginal laxity due to parity and age 2.7. Quantity of fluid in the vaginaendogenous / menstrual / ejaculate 2.8. Concurrent use of vaginal drug products and personal lubricants 2.9. User practices 3. Review of literature on involuntary ring expulsions 3.1. Advice in the event of ring expulsions 3.2. Drug-free rings 3.3. Progesterone and progestogen-only rings Megestrol acetate Levonorgestrel

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Difficulties experienced by older adults when not using assistive devices

Prajapati

Sharmila

2023

Discov Soc Sci Health

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Background Assistive Devices are those external tools created, manufactured, or modified to help a person do a specific task. Many people, especially the elderly, rely on assistive devices to do daily tasks, engage fully and successfully in social interactions, and enhance their quality of life. Older age people face many difficulties in their day-to-day activities. If they require but do not have or use assistive devices, they may experience significant impairment and difficulty. Assistive devices make a tremendous difference in the lives of the elderly. Objective To assess the difficulties experienced by the elderly when not using assistive devices. To study the relationship between age and difficulties experienced by the elderly when not using assistive devices. Methods A self-structured checklist on the difficulties experienced by elderly who were not using assistive devices and the analysis of data in percentage, frequency, t-test, and ANOVA. Results We found that various problems such as mobility difficulties, vision and hearing problems, dementia, and inability to do activities of daily living were experienced by the elderly when not using assistive devices. Among all the problems, using communication devices and vision problems were the difficulties faced by the majority of respondents.

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Using a Squat Toilet: Aging in a Developing Country

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

A User-Friendly and Sustainable Toilet Based on Vermicomposting

A User-Friendly and Sustainable Toilet Based on Vermicomposting

The ins and outs of drug-releasing vaginal rings: a literature review of expulsions and removals

Difficulties experienced by older adults when not using assistive devices

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