Using a Likert Scale to Measure “Environmental Responsibility”

Environmental perspectives of pupils: the development of an attitude and behaviour scale

“…Previous studies explained such results with a shorter exposition of young people to the competing 'dominant social paradigm' which in consequence favours environmental degradation (see above) as well as with the scepticism regarding society's value system. Consequently, the age-dependent cohort differences are quite in line with Dunlap (1980, 1981) or Mohai and Twight (1987), but not with older studies such as Tognacci et al (1972), Horvart and Voelker (1976) or Dunlap et al (1979). Gender may be associated with environmental perspectives and may indicate that girls are more environmentally concerned and oriented than boys.…”

“…Pupils were asked to make their pencil marks on an OCR (optical scanning) sheet. As is usual for a Likertscale, the responses ranged from 'strongly agree' to 'strongly disagree' with an additional 'undecided' category (Likert, 1932;Horvart and Voelker, 1976;Mtiller, 1986;Borg et al, 1990;SmithSebasto, 1992). Although some previous studies have omitted the 'undecided' category, the authors decided to include this option of scoring neutrality because of their experiences with pretests and provide an option of indicating undecidedness or no opinion, to avoid creating artificial pupil opinions.…”

The Relationship Between Environmental Attitudes And Environmental Behaviors Among Air Force Members

“…Typically, these research efforts focus on the most basic environmental issues, such as: pollution, natural resources, energy, and wildlife (e.g. Dunlap and Scarce, 1991;Gallup and Newport, 1990;Rohrschneider, 1988, Horvat andVoelker, 1976). In most cases, this research has suggested that respondents are concerned about these specific environmental issues.…”

Environmentalism and Political Participation: Toward a New System of Social Beliefs and Values?

“…Thus, Quality of the Environment, Changes in Socioeconomic Policy and Awareness of Overexploitation constitute three central dimensions in which activists prove to be particularly involved, and which are also emphasized by the literature on environmentalist beliefs (Horvat & Voelker, 1976;Milbrath, 1984). The first has t o do with man's relationship with nature, with the use he makes of his environment, and how highly he values it.…”