“…Several studies have addressed factors affecting adoption of general ICT applications for farming in Vietnam ( Lampach et al, 2021 ; Tran et al, 2019 ) and other developing countries ( Burkitbayeva et al, 2020 ; Kante et al, 2019 ; Tolentino & Hernandez, 2020 ). However, these findings do not fully explain the complex, unique nature of PA ( Nguyen et al, 2022 ): while other general ICTs require only a single system or device installation, PA technology often requires a systematic combination of diagnostic tools (GPS, GIS, and remote sensing) and applicative tools (variable rate application, unmanned vehicles) to ensure maximum benefits from synergizing crop monitoring and precise control of nutrient inputs ( Chawade et al, 2019 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ).…”