Usefulness and Pitfalls in Sodium Intake Estimation: Comparison of Dietary Assessment and Urinary Excretion in Chilean Children and Adults

Abstract

Our results showed that average sodium intake was higher than recommended in both children and adults (WHO ≤2,000mg/d). The sodium intake estimated by dietary assessment correlated with urinary excretion in all subjects, but in obese adults was more inaccurate than in children. Future studies to validate the appropriate test to assess sodium intake by age and nutritional status are warranted.

Sodium and Salt Consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic-Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies and Surveys

“…The meta-analysis included 12 studies published since 2010 (29,875 people), [9,11,12,14,15,19,[21][22][23] with a mean age ranging from 41.2 to 53.5 years [14,23]; the proportion of men varied between 33.7% and 48.2% [11,23]. The proportion of people with hypertension went from 17.0% to 52.5% (Table 1) [11,22].…”

“…The random effects meta-analysis including studies published since 2010 revealed a pooled mean estimates 24 h sodium consumption of 4.13 g/day (95% confidence interval: 3.82-4.44, I 2 : 99.7%) [9,11,12,14,15,19,[21][22][23], which will be equivalent to 10.49 g/day of salt.…”

“…The search yielded 2350 results, and 2297 were excluded at the screening stage; thus, 53 were studied in detail. Finally, 15 reports (i.e., individual papers) were included in the systematic review providing results for 18 studies (Figure 1) [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Two studies were excluded from meta-analysis (quantitative synthesis of results) because numeric results were not available, i.e., they only reported proportions or figures without the exact numbers [13,18].…”

“…Brazil contributed to the review with seven studies [11,14,15,[17][18][19][20], Chile with four [11,16,21,23] and Argentina with two [10,11]; whereas Barbados [9], Colombia [11], Ecuador [13], Peru [22] and Uruguay [12] contributed with one study each (Table 1). Three studies analyzed a nationally representative sample (Table 1) [9,15,21].…”

“…Six studies collected 24 h urine samples [9,12,14,19,22,23], while the others collected 12 h [17,18], overnight [10] or spot samples (Table 1) [11,15,16,20,21]. Eight studies used a formula (e.g., Kawasaki [25] or Tanaka [26]) to estimate 24 h sodium excretion (Table 1) [11,15,16,20,21].…”