Used tissue paper as a 3D substrate for non-enzyme glucose sensors

Abstract

Used tissue paper was recycled as the template of the sensor by a green method.

Advanced nanomaterials for electrochemical sensors: application in wearable tear glucose sensing technology

“…These sensors can synthesize special electrocatalytically active media to catalyze Glu directly. Non-enzymatic CGM biosensor catalysts focused on the development of various nanomaterials, including noble metals such as Au and Pt, 6,154–157 metal oxides such as CuO and Co 3 O 4 , 158–161 and their carbon nanomaterials. 162,163 The main advantage of the non-enzymatic sensor is the increased stability of the sensor and reduced maintenance costs, allowing continuous monitoring of Glu fluctuations without the need to replace the sensor.…”

“…5b). 6 Unfortunately, this work did not further evaluate the sensing performance of live animals. In fact, among the many non-enzymatic CGMs, only very few studies have reported sensing results in animals.…”

“…When constructing CGMs, these noble metals are often used concurrently and can synergistically catalyze the oxidation of Glu to enhance sensing performance. 6 Pt and Au are the most studied bimetallic electrocatalysts. For example, loading Au@Pt nanoparticles into hyaluronic acid hydrogels not only accelerated charge transfer, but also achieved highly sensitive detection of Glu (Fig.…”

“…5 The CGM can avoid the pain caused by cumbersome fingertip blood collection in the past, can continuously give user data, does not cause any discomfort or interrupt daily activities, and improves the wearer's self-monitoring compliance and the quality of patient care. 5,6 More importantly, CGM can access glucose (Glu) information from biological fluids such as sweat, saliva, tears, and interstitial fluid (ISF) in a noninvasive or minimally invasive manner and transmit it to smart mobile devices. Indeed, invasive CGM based on implantable electrodes has been commercially used to track Glu fluctuations in humans with satisfactory clinical accuracy.…”

“…41 The advantages of constructing CGMs based on nanomaterials are (1) excellent electrocatalytic and high conductivity properties, which ensure real-time and efficient oxidation of Glu and rapid electron transfer to reduce interference signals; 37 and (2) the nanoscale size structure provides the necessary high sensitivity for CGM due to its high specific surface area to achieve a wide range of linear sensing of Glu. 5 In fact, nanomaterials including AuPt, 6 Prussian blue (PB), 5 CeO 2 , 42 ZnO, 41 MnO 2 , 43 and polyaniline (PANI) 44 have been successively developed to design high-performance CGMs with high selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. In particular, recently reported two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials such as MXenes 45 and three-dimensional (3D) metal nano-aerogels 46 have been favored by researchers for their ability to complete the catalysis of Glu at low potentials and for their high mechanical flexibility.…”