Use of Urine Flow Cytometry to Verify Relapse of Burkitt's Lymphoma in the Genitourinary System

Atypical cells in a voided urine cytology specimen in a renal transplant recipient

“…[7][8][9] Decrease of immunosuppression frequently leads to regression of the disease. 6,7 Without correlation with renal allograft core biopsy, urine cytology alone would be a diagnostic challenge in our case. [6][7][8][9][10] The diagnosis of PTLD in renal allograft is usually made after obtaining tissue biopsy or in the nephrectomy specimen.…”

“…In affected patients, polyomavirus can cause polyomavirus nephropathy, ureteric stricture, ureteritis, cystitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or even malignant transformation with urothelial carcinoma. 1,6,7 Although polyomavirus-infected urothelial cells are found as isolated cells, similar to discohesive atypical lymphoid cells seen in lymphoma, decoy cells have perfectly smooth and round nuclei. 10 Cells with typical polyomavirus cytopathic effect were named decoy cells because of their increased nuclear size and hyperchromasia, suspicious for malignant urothelial cells.…”

“…[6][7][8][9] The time from the transplantation to diagnosis ranged from 1 month to 14 years in the reported cases. [6][7][8][9][10] The diagnosis of PTLD in renal allograft is usually made after obtaining tissue biopsy or in the nephrectomy specimen. However, other treatment modalities have been used, such as Rituximab, different chemotherapy regimens, local therapy with radiation or surgery, and EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes infusions.…”

“…1 In kidney transplant recipients, voided urine cytology is a commonly used noninvasive test to detect the presence of polyomavirus infection, which has been reported to affect up to 10% of renal transplant patients and might have devastating effect for graft outcome. [2][3][4][5][6][7] However, the low cellularity and poor preservation makes the interpretation of urine cytology in the renal transplant setting challenging. [2][3][4][5][6][7] However, the low cellularity and poor preservation makes the interpretation of urine cytology in the renal transplant setting challenging.…”

Primary Cardiac Burkitt Lymphoma Presenting with Abdominal Pain

“…Diagnosing BL is a challenging process, especially in bodily fluids. However, as shown before [15], the presence of atypical lymphocytes with characteristic morphologic features and confirmatory flow cytometry is very helpful in establishing the diagnosis. FISH for t(8;14) is virtually confirmatory of BL.…”