Use of toxic bait to manage the south american fruit fly in apple orchards in Southern Brazil

Abstract

Anastrepha fraterculus the South American fruit fly, is an important insect pest in apple orchards of southern Brazil, especially in small farms, where it often causes total crop loss. Experiments were conducted to evaluate, during four crop seasons (2009/2010, 2010/2011, 2012/2013, and 2013/2014) in organic and conventional apple orchards in southern Brazil, the toxic bait formulation ANAMED™ (oils and waxes 49.0% + M7 attractant 24.2% + spinosad insecticide 0.1%) for its capacity to reduce the South American fruit fly population. ANAMED applications started after apples with an average diameter of 20 mm had been thinned, and they were made every 14 days until harvest. ANAMED was sprayed on non-crop vegetation growing on the edges of the orchards at a rate of 1.0 kg.ha-1. Adult fruit flies were monitored weekly using McPhail traps baited with Torula™ yeast. Injured fruits were evaluated seven days before harvest. ANAMED reduced the adult population of trapped fruit flies captured in all crop seasons and the injured fruit, except for the first year of evaluation (2009/2010). In conclusion, the sequential use of ANAMED toxic bait over time significantly reduced adult populations of A. fraterculus and the percentage of fruits injured by this pest.

Lethal and sublethal effects of toxic bait formulations on Doryctobracon areolatus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and implications for integrated fruit fly management

“…The toxicity of organophosphate insecticides has been reported for other braconid species, such as Aphidius gifuensis Ashmaed (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmaed) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Ohta and Takeda 2015, Harbi et al 2017, Bernardi et al 2019). Due to their high toxicity to fruit fly species, organophosphate insecticides have commonly been used in the formulation of toxic baits (Harter et al 2015, Nunes et al 2020, Borges et al 2021). In addition, the ease of acquisition and the low cost of the active ingredients constitute advantages to fruit growers that utilize toxic bait formulations (Botton et al 2016).…”

“…This fact makes the floral food attractant less used by producers for the formulation of toxic baits (Ruiz et al 2008, Harter et al 2015, Harbi et al 2017, Baronio et al 2019). In contrast, Anamed + spinosad, in addition to providing high toxicity to A. fraterculus adults (Borges et al 2021), was considered harmless to D. areolatus in both evaluations (lethal and sublethal). In addition, the Anamed + spinosad formulation presents high resistance to precipitation and degradation by sunlight (Borges et al 2015, 2021, Harter et al 2015, Baronio et al 2019).…”

“…Integrated pest management (IPM) is an important tool that helps to reduce fruit fly populations without requiring large-scale application of insecticides (Navarro-Llopis et al 2012, Baronio et al 2019, Nunes et al 2020, Borges et al 2021). However, it is important to verify the compatibility of the insecticide used to formulate toxic bait with other control strategies, such as biological control (Baldin et al 2018, Bernardi et al 2019, Farah et al 2019, Cardoso et al 2021).…”

Commercial extract of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and mango essence as potential attractants for Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

“…The association of food attractants with host plant compounds can improve the attractiveness of fruit flies. For example, ANAMED® (ISCA) is a fruit fly attractant with fruit plant extracts and feeding stimulants in the composition (Borges et al 2021).…”