Use of the test bench for spray drift assessment under subtropical climate conditions

Abstract

As an alternative to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) method 22866, a method for the field measurement of spray drift was developed in the Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Environmental Economics and Engineering of the University of Turin, Italy. This new method, termed “test bench,” can be applied for wind conditions beyond those covered in ISO 22866. The aim of this study was to quantify the drift potential of three nozzles at two working pressures and two sprayer boom heights using the test bench method, under subtropical climate conditions. The experiment was conducted at Bandeirantes, Paraná State, Brazil, from 2018 to 2019 in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments, wherein three nozzles were used at the minimum and maximum working pressures, and two boom heights were tested, with four replicates for each combination. The following nozzles were used: XR11002 (100 and 400 kPa), AIXR11002 (100 and 600 kPa), and ATR 2.0 (400 and 2000 kPa), operating at boom heights of 0.50 and 1.00 m. The test bench method allows for drift assessment under subtropical climate conditions, and the results revealed that changes in meteorological conditions, nozzles, and pressure are key factors affecting the drift potential of boom sprayers. Relative air humidity and working pressure were the most important determining factors of the drift potential of the nozzles, whereas boom height had no effect on drift potential.

Wind Tunnel Evaluation of Plant Protection Products Drift Using an Integrated Chemical–Physical Approach

“…Overall, the smallest fractions (S2-S5) begin to increase when distance increases. Together with the decrease in total coarse particles concentrations, this evidence might suggest that, from 5 m to 10 m, the large droplets tend to fall and/or to evaporate, leaving smaller droplets, as the droplet size is also dependent on atmospheric conditions (i.e., evaporation) [17]. Moreover, the peak of concentrations in the AI trials ranges between S2 and S3, while for the Indeed, it was expected that the coarser fractions would have a greater effect on the total concentration compared to the finer fractions, as they carry a higher amount of marker.…”

“…The literature is rich in studies assessing the drift of PPPs using different spray methodologies (outdoor and indoor), different analytical techniques, and several statistical models [12,[14][15][16][17]. Indoor investigations on aerosol drift are frequently performed using wind tunnels [18][19][20].…”