Use of the Nuclear Reaction O16(<i>d, p</i>)O17 to Study Oxygen Diffusion in Solids and its Application to Zirconium

Amsel, G.; Béranger, G.; Gelas, Bruno; Lacombe, P.

doi:10.1063/1.1656538

Cited by 81 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This relationship was found to be very convenient in our previous studies on oxygen diffusion in titanium and zirconium (16,23,27), under the following assumptions: constant diffusion coefficient D (independant of the oxygen content) and constant concentration at the interface metaloxide. This relationship was found to be very convenient in our previous studies on oxygen diffusion in titanium and zirconium (16,23,27), under the following assumptions: constant diffusion coefficient D (independant of the oxygen content) and constant concentration at the interface metaloxide.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

A Study of the Diffusion of Oxygen in α‐Titanium Oxidized in the Temperature Range 460°–700°C

David¹,

Béranger²,

Garcı́a

1983

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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the beams with buffered HF increases the maximum free-standing length and eliminates the built-in deflection for beams shorter than Lm. This annealing procedure is sufficient to reflow the phosphosilicate glass layer underneath the poly-Si layer and cause recrystallization of the poly-Si, both of which may help to relax the nonuniform internal stress. Diffusion of phosphorus from the glass into the poly-Si will occur during this relatively severe anneal, which may be undesirable for certain applications. Additional research is needed to determine the minimum temperature and time required for stress relaxation in the poly-Si film. However, beams of useful sizes can be made without any post-deposition treatment of the poly-Si, as is demonstrated in Fig. 4-6. The dynamic properties of poly-Si micromechanical beams are currently being investigated, and the results will be reported later. AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank Mrs. D. McDaniel for valuable laboratory assistance, and Dr. J. Shott of Stanford Integrated-Circuits Laboratory for use of a CVD oxide reactor.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

A Study of the Diffusion of Oxygen in α‐Titanium Oxidized in the Temperature Range 460°–700°C

David¹,

Béranger²,

Garcı́a

1983

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…In this respect, the O1S(p,n)F 18 nuclear reaction is definitely to be preferred over other charged-particle activation techniques such as those developed by Amsel and coworkers at the Ecole Normale in Paris (45,(48)(49)(50)71) or by Cox and his collaborators at Chalk River, Ontario (46,47). The experiments dealing with the growth of wfistite on iron in H2/H20 atmospheres dramatically illustrate this point.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Marker Techniques for Studying the Mechanism of Scaling of Metals Based on the Use of the O[sup 18](p,n)F[sup 18] Nuclear Reaction

Holt

Himmel

1969

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A general mechanistic approach to the study of scaling reactions is proposed which dispenses with the conventional inert marker. Instead, radioisotopes of the reacting components are used to establish the nature of the diffusing species in the solid reaction products formed on metal surfaces at high temperatures. For investigating the mechanism of oxidation of metals, O TM is employed as a tracer and the stable isotope is subsequently activated by proton bombardment via the nuclear reaction O1S(p,n)F Is. The basis for the technique is outlined and its application to the scaling of iron and of zirconium is described. The experiments with iron establish conclusively that, at temperatures up to I050~ iron is the only diffusing component in the dense, adherent wi~stite layer which forms adjacent to the metal. Direct evidence is also presented for the vapor phase transport of oxygen by a dissociative mechanism during the growth of porous, non-adherent wfistite scales on iron in H~/H.~O atmospheres. It is shown that oxygen is mobile in thick ZrO2 scales formed on Zr in a water vapor atmosphere at 1200~ however, the unusual form of the O Is distribution in the scale indicates that open channels must have existed in the outer portion of the scale during oxidation which allowed direct penetration of oxygen to levels deep within the ZrO2 layer. The advantages and limitations of the present technique are discussed with particular reference to conventional marker methods. Major sources of difficulty in the interpretation of inert marker experiments are identified and a set of experimental requirements is given which, if satisfied, should permit reliable transport information to be obtained using conventional marker techniques.The mechanism of a heterogeneous chemical reaction, such as the oxidation of a metal, can be considered established, at least in principle, if the rate-determining step in the reaction is known and if the manner in which the reactants are transported to and from the various phase boundaries in the system can be specified. Information of this kind cannot generally be obtained from kinetic studies alone. In fact, even under conditions where diffusion-controlled kinetics are observed, it is often not possible to decide, unambiguously, whether the reaction is sustained by the outward migration of metal ions through the scale, or by the inward diffusion of the nonmetallic component. The dominant or faster diffusing species can, of course, be predicted if self-diffusion or ionic conductivity data are available for both components over the entire stability range of the product phase. Unfortunately, reliable data of this type currently exist for only a few oxide and sulfide systems (1-3).When the necessary transport data are not available, inert marker techniques are customarily employed to determine the nature of the mobile component in the growing scale. Marker methods were first introduced by Pfeil (4) in 1929 in his classic work on the scaling of iron, and they have been applied subsequently to a great many...

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“…The oxide film formed when a zirconium specimen is immersed in a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acid has a thickness of about 60 A [13]. The properties of such thin films are not well known but anodic oxide films have often been used in experimental studies, assuming that the results may be equated with the behaviour of corrosion films under the same conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactivity of the surface of zirconium during pickling in nitric‐hydrofluoric acid

Hlawka

Sutter

1991

Materials & Corrosion

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The behaviour of zirconium in hydrofluoric-nitric acid pickling solutions has been studied using electrochemical methods, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectrometry. During a pickling experiment the depletion of the solutions could be correlated with the consumption of hydrofluoric acid to form metal 0x0-or oxofluorocomplexes.The role of nitric acid added to the hydrofluoric acid for pickling has been discussed after replacing it by other strong acids or by hydrogen peroxide. It appears that the zirconium dissolution rate only depends on the hydrofluoric acid concentration, but that the properties of the oxide film are determined by the nature of the ' strong acid added to HF, it can be assumed that metal dissolution occurs through the oxide film and that ionic diffusion through the film is a rate determining step.

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Use of the Nuclear Reaction O16(d, p)O17 to Study Oxygen Diffusion in Solids and its Application to Zirconium

Cited by 81 publications

References 5 publications

A Study of the Diffusion of Oxygen in α‐Titanium Oxidized in the Temperature Range 460°–700°C

A Study of the Diffusion of Oxygen in α‐Titanium Oxidized in the Temperature Range 460°–700°C

Marker Techniques for Studying the Mechanism of Scaling of Metals Based on the Use of the O[sup 18](p,n)F[sup 18] Nuclear Reaction

Reactivity of the surface of zirconium during pickling in nitric‐hydrofluoric acid

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