Use of the Germfree Animal Technic in the Study of Experimental Dental Caries

Orland, Frank J.; Blayney, J.R.; Harrison, R.W.; Reyniers, James A.; Trexler, P. C.; Wagner, M.; Gordon, Helmut A.; Luckey, T. D.

doi:10.1177/00220345540330020201

Cited by 161 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Meanwhile, oral bacteria play an essential role in the caries process. No caries was developed in germ-free rats even though they were fed a highly cariogenic diet [Orland et al, 1954]. Oral streptococci are widely distributed in the oral cavity, and they include soft-tissue colonizers, such as Streptococcus salivarius , S. oralis and S. mitis , as well as hard-surface colonizers, such as S. mutans , S. sobrinus and S. gordonii [Lemos et al, 2005].…”

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confidence: 99%

Activity of Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptide GH12 against Oral Streptococci

Fan²,

Lv³

et al. 2016

Caries Res

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Controlling the growth of cariogenic microorganisms such as oral streptococci is an adjunct therapy for caries-active individuals to prevent and treat caries. Here we investigated the antimicrobial activity of the synthetic amphipathic α- helical antimicrobial peptide GH12 (GLLWHLLHHLLH-NH₂) against oral streptococci in vitro. Circular dichroism studies showed that GH12 takes on an α-helical conformation in the presence of membrane-mimicking solvents, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography studies showed that GH12 remains stable in saliva. The peptide showed bactericidal activity against oral streptococci, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 6.7 to 32.0 μg/ml. GH12 concentrations 4-fold higher than the minimum bactericidal concentration completely killed oral streptococci within 20 min. Treating oral streptococci with GH12 caused noticeable changes in bacterial viability and morphology based on confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Effects of GH12 on biofilm formation and on viability of mature biofilm were quantified by crystal violet staining and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. GH12 effectively inhibited biofilm formation and metabolic activity in biofilms of oral streptococci, especially S. mutans, S. sobrinus and S. salivarius. These results suggest that GH12 shows rapid and strong antimicrobial activity against oral streptococci in vitro, opening the door to preclinical and clinical studies to explore its potential for caries prevention and treatment.

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confidence: 99%

Activity of Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptide GH12 against Oral Streptococci

Fan²,

Lv³

et al. 2016

Caries Res

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“…Two species with relevant importance for dentistry were chosen for the here described in vitro study. S. mutans has previously been shown to be etiologically relevant for the initiation and progression of caries [20,21], while the facultative pathogen S. aureus was repeatedly isolated from brush heads in previous studies [9,15,[22][23][24]. Decolonizing effects of rinsing, rinsing and drying for 24 h, and chlorhexidine treatment could be demonstrated after artifi cial contamination of electric toothbrushes with S. mutans and S. aureus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of easy-to-perform procedures to reduce bacterial colonization withStreptococcus mutansandStaphylococcus aureuson toothbrushes

Zautner¹,

Hage²,

Schneider³

et al. 2013

European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology

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It is well known that dental caries and periodontitis are the consequence of bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on the enamel surface. The continuous presence of bacterial biofilms on the tooth surface results in demineralization of the tooth enamel and induces an inflammatory reaction of the surrounding gums (gingivitis). The retention and survival of microorganisms on toothbrushes pose a threat of recontamination especially for certain patients at risk for systemic infections originating from the oral cavity, e.g., after T-cell depleted bone marrow transplantation. Thus, the effects of different decolonization schemes on bacterial colonization of toothbrushes were analyzed, in order to demonstrate their applicability to reduce the likelihood of (auto-)reinfections.Toothbrushes were intentionally contaminated with standardized suspensions of Streptococcus mutans or Staphylococcus aureus. Afterwards, the toothbrushes were exposed to rinsing under distilled water, rinsing and drying for 24 h, 0.2% chlorhexidinebased decolonization, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The remaining colony forming units were compared with freshly contaminated positive controls. Each experiment was nine-fold repeated. Bi-factorial variance analysis was performed; significance was accepted at P < 0.05.All tested procedures led to a significant reduction of bacteral colonization irrespective of the toothbrush model, the brush head type, or the acitivity state. Chlorhexidine-based decolonization was shown to be superior to rinsing and slightly superior to rinsing and drying for 24 h, while UV radiation was similarly effective as chlorhexidine. UV radiation was slightly less prone to speciesdependent limitations of its decolonizing effects by bristle thickness of toothbrushes than chlorhexidin.Reduction of bacterial colonization of toothbrushes might reduce the risk of maintaining bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. Accordingly, respective procedures are advisable, particularly as they are cheap and easy to perform.

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“…During the 1950's and 1960's, indigenous micro-organisms were finally implicated as the primary etiologic agents of dental caries and periodontal diseases (Orland et al, 1954(Orland et al, , 1955Jordan et al, 1959;Fitzgerald and Keyes, I960;Fitzgerald, 1963a,b;Jordan and Keyes, 1964;Fitzgerald et al, 1966). A small cadre of microbial ecologists revealed, through germ-free (gnotobiotic) and conventional animal models, that certain indigenous oral bacteria were more "virulent" than others and were able to cause gross disease in teeth, e.g., S. mutans and, in the periodontal supporting structures, Actinomyces species (Keyes, 1958(Keyes, , 1959Fitzgerald, 1963b;Fitzgerald and Keyes, 1963).…”

Section: From Commensal To Pathogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Oral Microbial Ecology and Dental Caries and Periodontal Diseases

Liljemark

Bloomquist

1996

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

220

149

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ABSTRACT:In the human oral cavity, which is an open growth system, bacteria must first adhere to a surface in order to be able to colonize. Ability to colonize a non-shedding tooth surface is necessary prior to any odontopathic or periodontopathic process. Complex microbe-host relationships occur and must be studied before the commensal-to-pathogenic nature of the human indigenous oral flora can be understood. Medical pathogens, if present in the appropriate host, always produce specific disease. Caries and periodontal diseases are conditional diseases, requiring numbers of certain indigenous species at various sites, particularly the tooth surface. In the case of caries, the condition is related to sugar consumption. Periodontal disease/s may require certain host and environmental conditions, such as local environment or nutritional factors in gingival crevicular fluids. Nonetheless, critical numbers of certain indigenous species must be present in order for these diseases to occur. The aim of this review is to understand the acquisition of the indigenous oral flora and the development of human dental plaque. The role of the salivary pellicle and adherence of indigenous bacteria to it are critical first steps in plaque development. Bacterial interactions with saliva, nutritional factors, growth factors, and microbial physiologic processes are all involved in the overall process of microbial colonization.

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Use of the Germfree Animal Technic in the Study of Experimental Dental Caries

Cited by 161 publications

References 31 publications

Activity of Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptide GH12 against Oral Streptococci

Activity of Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptide GH12 against Oral Streptococci

Effects of easy-to-perform procedures to reduce bacterial colonization withStreptococcus mutansandStaphylococcus aureuson toothbrushes

Human Oral Microbial Ecology and Dental Caries and Periodontal Diseases

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