Use of the gel agglutination technique for determination of fetomaternal hemorrhage

Salama, AD; David, M.; Wittmann, Georg; Stelzer, A; Dudenhausen, J. W.

doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1998.38298193101.x

Cited by 15 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This critical value of 0.2%, which approximates 5 mL of RBCs, was chosen because massive FMH (≥10 mL RBCs) is extremely rare and even a low dose of 100 µg RhIg can adequately neutralize 5 mL of fetal red cells, which is more common in a sensitized mother. 7,9 Therefore GAT not only estimates FMH, but also can discriminate between FMH levels considered to be critical for giving extra anti-D (ie, 0.2%, 0.3%, and ≥0.4%). 7 Gomez-Arbones and colleagues 5 analyzed 15 blood samples of suspected FMH by both GAT and FC and observed no discordance between these techniques.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,9 Therefore GAT not only estimates FMH, but also can discriminate between FMH levels considered to be critical for giving extra anti-D (ie, 0.2%, 0.3%, and ≥0.4%). 7 Gomez-Arbones and colleagues 5 analyzed 15 blood samples of suspected FMH by both GAT and FC and observed no discordance between these techniques. They documented GAT as a useful method for FMH screening and suggested performing a more accurate technique such as FC when FMH volume is greater.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gel Technology: An Easy and Useful Method for Estimating Fetomaternal Hemorrhage in the Blood Banks of Developing Nations

Das¹,

Agarwal²,

Chaudhary³

2010

Lab Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gel Technology: An Easy and Useful Method for Estimating Fetomaternal Hemorrhage in the Blood Banks of Developing Nations

Das¹,

Agarwal²,

Chaudhary³

2010

Lab Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The cells are then centrifuged, and 50 μl supernatant is tested against indicator cells (0.1% suspension of D positive RBC) on an anti IgG gel card by incubation for 15 min at 37°C. The card is then centrifuged, and the results are interpreted by comparison with the pattern observed with control cells, allowing for different concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% of Rh(D) positive foetal RBC (Salama et al. , 1996).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of foetomaternal haemorrhage. An analysis of two cytometric techniques and a semiquantitative gel agglutination test

Gómez‐Arbonés

Pinacho

Ortiz

et al. 2002

Clinical &Amp; Laboratory Haematology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Traditional tests to screen for foetomaternal haemorrhage are time-consuming and difficult to perform. The Kleihauer test is widely used but difficult to standardize. We evaluated three techniques for quantifying foetomaternal haemorrhage: a semiquantitative gel agglutination test and two flow cytometric techniques. The gel agglutination test is based on the consumption of anti-D reagent by D+ cells, analysing the reaction of the supernatant against indicator cells in a Coombs-gel card. In the two colour direct immunofluorescent technique, the sample is incubated with Per-CP labelled anti CD45 antibody, fixed with glutaraldehyde and permeabilized by exposure to Triton X-100. An aliquot is stained with an antibody to foetal haemoglobin, conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate or phycoerythrin. The indirect immunofluorescent technique is based on the labelling of Rh (D) antigen with an anti D reagent, followed by the addition of an anti IgG antibody conjugated with phycoerythrin. Foetomaternal haemorrhage was not detected in 75 of the 85 samples analysed by the direct immunofluorescent technique. In the remaining 10 samples, the volume was very low. Thirty-five samples with Rh (D) antigen incompatibility were analysed in parallel by the indirect immunofluorescent technique and in 15 of the 35 samples, the gel agglutination technique was also carried out. The three techniques gave similar results. The gel agglutination test can be used to screen for foetomaternal haemorrhage, while greater volumes should be quantified by flow cytometric techniques.

show abstract

“…The method is applicable for basic rbc serology (blood grouping, antibody screening and differentiation) as well as for special investigations, e.g. direct antiglobulin test, characterization of eluates, Rhesus category cells [2], determination of the amount of immunglobulin classes and subclasses [3,4], and quantification of fetal of rbcs in maternal blood samples [5,6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Red Blood Cell Alloantibodies by Gel Centrifugation Test

Lehmann¹,

Kiefel²

2003

Transfus Med Hemother

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Gel centrifugation techniques and solid-phase antiglobulin tests have increased sensitivity and specificity for red blood cell antibody (rbc-ab) detection compared to classical tube techniques. In this report we present results of rbc-ab screening and differentiation of patient and donor sera using two variants of gel centrifugation test. Material and Methods: 95,138 sera of 76,693 patients and blood donors of Rostock University Medical School (samples of a 7.5-year period) were screened for rbc-abs by gel centrifugation test (DiaMed ID microtyping system, papain 37 °C, and indirect antiglobulin test with LISS). Positive sera were further differentiated in the same test system. Results: The incidence of alloimmunization was 2.68%. Differentiation of 6,407 positively screened sera resulted in 3,160 unspecific reactions preferably in enzyme test, 532 negative sera, 484 sera containing anti-D following Rhesus prophylaxis, 73 rbc autoantibodies, 103 cases of dubious antibody specificity, and 2,055 cases of rbc alloantibodies with defined single or multiple specificity. Anti-E was most frequently found (27.3%) followed by anti-D (18.1%), anti-Le(a) (12.5%), anti-Cw (9.7%), anti-C (8.7%), anti-K (7.9%), anti-c (3.9%), anti-Fy(a) (2.8%), anti-Jk(a) (1.6%), and further specificities in lower frequency. Especially for detection of antibodies directed against antigens of Rhesus system, the enzyme test was more sensitive than the antiglobulin test. Conclusion: Data of this investigation indicate that differentiation of rbc-abs by enzyme test plays an important role for early detection of Rhesus antibodies. Unfortunately, the enzyme test yields more unspecific reactions than the antiglobulin test. Therefore, unclear test results obtained with enzyme-treated rbcs in gel centrifugation test require critical interpretation.

show abstract

Use of the gel agglutination technique for determination of fetomaternal hemorrhage

Abstract: The GAT is suited for routine screening. It provides rapid and specific detection of D-positive red cells at clinically relevant concentrations. The test may (rarely) yield false-negative results due to insufficient administration of Rh immune globulin before testing.

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

Gel Technology: An Easy and Useful Method for Estimating Fetomaternal Hemorrhage in the Blood Banks of Developing Nations

Gel Technology: An Easy and Useful Method for Estimating Fetomaternal Hemorrhage in the Blood Banks of Developing Nations

Quantification of foetomaternal haemorrhage. An analysis of two cytometric techniques and a semiquantitative gel agglutination test

Detection of Red Blood Cell Alloantibodies by Gel Centrifugation Test

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About