Use of the doubly labeled water technique in humans during heavy sustained exercise

Westerterp, K.R.; Saris, W. H. M.; Es, Millar; Hoor, F. ten

doi:10.1152/jappl.1986.61.6.2162

Cited by 215 publications

(154 citation statements)

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“…1, zone 3). 15 By contrast, under more normal conditions, increased energy expenditure due to short-term PA is not automatically compensated for by changes in energy intake in both, lean and obese individuals (Fig. 1, zone 2).…”

Section: Effect Of Short-term Exercise On Food Intakementioning

confidence: 95%

“…15 The purpose of the study was to verify whether the energy intakes of the cyclists were in agreement with the energy expenditure on a race that could be considered as one of the most strenuous endurance activities that exist (4000 km long, including 30 mountain passages (up to 2700 m altitude)). 16 Based on the double-labelled water technique, the cyclists reached an average daily metabolic rate of 4.3-5.3 times basal metabolic rate.…”

Section: Energy Intake In Response To High-energy Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of physical activity on food intake

Melzer¹,

Kayser²,

Saris³

et al. 2005

Clinical Nutrition

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SummaryThe understanding of the effect of physical activity (PA) on food intake is imperative for considering PA as an additional tool for prevention and treatment of many diseases. Prolonged strenuous PA performed on a regular basis causes an increase in overall energy turnover, and leads either to loss of body weight, or to an increased food intake. When leading to loss of body weight, PA may be used as a therapeutic adjunct in the treatment of obesity. When increasing food intake to compensate for increased energy expenditure and maintaining body weight, PA, by increasing intake of other constituents of food like minerals and vitamins, may contribute to micronutrient deficiency coverage. However, the type of activity, as well as body composition of the individuals engaging in sport, play an important role in food intake regulation and its changes with time. Some studies indicate that shortterm exercise does not have the same effect on food intake as long-term exercise and that eventual increase in food intake due to increased PA does not follow the same pattern in obese as in lean individuals. To better understand the relationship between PA on food intake, current findings on this topic will be summarized in this paper.

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Section: Effect Of Short-term Exercise On Food Intakementioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Energy Intake In Response To High-energy Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of physical activity on food intake

Melzer¹,

Kayser²,

Saris³

et al. 2005

Clinical Nutrition

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“…The problem has been identi®ed by several external markers of intake: ®rst, comparisons between self-reported energy intake and the energy intake required to maintain body weight in longterm metabolic studies (Lichtman et al, 1992;Mertz et al, 1991); second, comparisons between reported nitrogena protein intake and 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion where the 24-h urine collection has been validated by the PABA-CHEK technique (Bingham & Cummings, 1983;Bingham et al, 1995;Bingham & Cummings, 1985;Isaksson, 1980); third, comparisons between reported energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure measured by the doubly labelled water technique (EE) (Bandini et al, 1987;Black et al, 1993;Livingstone et al, 1992;Prentice et al, 1986a;Westerterp et al, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sensitivity and specificity of the Goldberg cut-off for EI:BMR for identifying diet reports of poor validity

2000

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Objective: To explore the speci®city and sensitivity of the Goldberg cut-off for EI : BMR for identifying diet reports of poor validity as compared with the direct comparison of energy intake with energy expenditure measured by doubly-labelled water. Design: Twenty-two studies with measurements of total energy expenditure by doubly-labelled water (EE), basal metabolic rate (BMR) and energy intake (EI) provided the database (n 429). The ratio EI : EE provided the baseline de®nition of under-(UR), acceptable-(AR) and over-reporters (OR), respectively EI : EE`0.76, 0.76 ± 1.24 and b 1.24. Four strategies for identifying under-and over-reporters using the Goldberg cut-off were explored. Sensitivity of the cut-off was calculated as the proportion of UR correctly identi®ed and speci®city as the proportion of non-UR correctly identi®ed. Results: UR, AR and OR (by EI : EE) were 34, 62 and 4% respectively of all subjects. When a single Goldberg cut-off for the physical activity level (PAL) of 1.55 was used, for men and women respectively the sensitivity was 0.50 and 0.52 and the speci®city 1.00 and 0.99. Using a cut-off for higher PAL traded speci®city for sensitivity. Using the cut-off for a PAL of 1.95, sensitivity was 0.76 and 0.85 and the speci®city 0.87 and 0.78 for men and women respectively. Using cut-offs for mean age ± sex speci®c PAL did not improve sensitivity. When subjects were assigned to low, medium and high activity levels and cut-offs for three different PALs used, sensitivity improved to 0.74 and 0.67 without loss of speci®city (0.97 and 0.98), for men and women respectively. If activity levels for men were applied to the womens' data, sensitivity improved to 0.72. Conclusion: To identify diet reports of poor validity using the Goldberg cut-off for EI : BMR, information is needed on each subject's activity level.

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“…More extreme endurance events, such as the Tour de France, involve a lower average intensity of work associated with the much greater duration of exercise. Westerterp and colleagues (Westerterp et al, 1986) measured energy expenditure in ®ve cyclists during this competition using the doubly labeled water technique and determined that energy requirements for these athletes were $ 8600 kcalsad. Due to the variable intensity and duration of this type of exercise, it is dif®cult to determine precisely the cost of exercise in terms of grams of carbohydrate and lipid utilized.…”

Section: Energy Stores and Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical exercise as a modulator of adaptation to low and high carbohydrate and low and high fat intakes

Miller

Wolfe

1999

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Quanti®cation of the metabolic response aids in ascertaining the nature and extent of the energy requirements imposed by exercise. During high intensity exercise, virtually all of the energy is supplied by the net oxidation of glycogen while fat oxidation plays a more prominent role during lower intensity exercise. Therefore, the lower limit of carbohydrate required above resting needs is equal to the portion of the total energy cost derived from carbohydrate sources. There is no upper limit of additional carbohydrate intake that could be eaten to satisfy the extra caloric requirement since carbohydrate intake will restore any endogenous energy stores that were used during exercise, regardless of the intensity of exercise. The recommendation of a high carbohydrate intake to provide caloric balance in exercising individuals is supported by the observation that exercise performance at high intensity is improved by a high carbohydrate diet, and exercise performance at low intensity is relatively insensitive to the source of the caloric intake. Limited dietary studies are consistent with predictions based on the metabolic response. At exercise intensities below 65% VO 2 max, the percent fat and carbohydrate in the diet makes little difference on exercise performance, provided adequate time is allowed to adapt to a high-fat diet. On the other hand, exercise ability during high-intensity exercise is signi®cantly limited by a high-fat diet. A consideration of importance beyond the aspect of energy balance is the anabolic effect of insulin on muscle protein synthesis after exercise. Provision of carbohydrate after exercise is likely to stimulate muscle protein synthesis to a greater extent than a corresponding amount of fat. Dietary fats may offer practical advantages to the athlete but if fats are consumed at the expense of carbohydrate intake, many established bene®ts of high carbohydrate intake in terms of performance may be sacri®ed.

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Use of the doubly labeled water technique in humans during heavy sustained exercise

Cited by 215 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of physical activity on food intake

Effects of physical activity on food intake

The sensitivity and specificity of the Goldberg cut-off for EI:BMR for identifying diet reports of poor validity

Physical exercise as a modulator of adaptation to low and high carbohydrate and low and high fat intakes

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