Use of the ABA fear renewal paradigm to assess the effects of extinction with co-present fear inhibitors or excitors: Implications for theories of extinction and for treating human fears and phobias

Thomas, Brian L.; Ayres, John J. B.

doi:10.1016/s0023-9690(03)00040-7

Cited by 44 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The idea is that summation of the strengths of the two CSs causes a discrepancy between what the animal expects and what actually occurs, and some extinction is therefore observed. As mentioned above, the expectation-violation view is also consistent with the effects of compounding excitors and inhibitors with the target CS during no-US (extinction) trials (Wagner 1969;Soltysik et al 1983;Rescorla 2000Rescorla , 2003Thomas and Ayres 2004).…”

Section: Violation Of Reinforcer Expectationsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…For example, when a CS is compounded with another excitatory CS and the compound is extinguished, there is especially strong responding in extinction (due to summation between the CSs), and especially effective extinction as evidenced when the CS is tested alone (Wagner 1969;Rescorla 2000;Thomas and Ayres 2004). Conversely, when the target CS is compounded with an inhibitory CS, there is relatively little responding to the compound (excitation and inhibition negatively summate), and there is also less evidence of extinction when the target is tested alone (Soltysik et al 1983;Rescorla 2003;Thomas and Ayres 2004). However, although these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the effectiveness of extinction correlates with the degree of responding, they can also be interpreted in a different way.…”

Section: Role Of Inhibition Of the Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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Context and Behavioral Processes in Extinction: Table 1.

Bouton¹

2004

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This article provides a selective review and integration of the behavioral literature on Pavlovian extinction. The first part reviews evidence that extinction does not destroy the original learning, but instead generates new learning that is especially context-dependent. The second part examines insights provided by research on several related behavioral phenomena (the interference paradigms, conditioned inhibition, and inhibition despite reinforcement). The final part examines four potential causes of extinction: the discrimination of a new reinforcement rate, generalization decrement, response inhibition, and violation of a reinforcer expectation. The data are consistent with behavioral models that emphasize the role of generalization decrement and expectation violation, but would be more so if those models were expanded to better accommodate the finding that extinction involves a context-modulated form of inhibitory learning.

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Section: Violation Of Reinforcer Expectationsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Role Of Inhibition Of the Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Context and Behavioral Processes in Extinction: Table 1.

Bouton¹

2004

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“…This highlights one variable (the extinction context-US association) that determines whether less (Pearce & Wilson, 1991 ;Pineño et al, 2007) or more (e.g., Thomas & Ayres, 2004) extinction will be observed when the target cue is nonreinforced in the presence of a concurrent excitor. However.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associative status of the training context determines the effectiveness of compound extinction.

Witnauer¹,

Miller²

2012

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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Studies of extinction of a target cue in compound with another excitor have produced evidence of both deepened and attenuated extinction relative to elemental extinction. The present experiments sought to resolve this discrepancy by assessing the effect of the extinction context-unconditioned stimulus (US) association on compound extinction. In an ABC renewal situation with rats, Experiment 1 replicated the observation that enhanced extinction (i.e., reduced conditioned suppression) occurs as a result of nonreinforcement in compound with a concurrent excitor. In Experiment 2, inflation of the extinction context-US association through unsignaled, intertrial US presentations reversed the effect of a concurrent excitor (i.e., extinction with a concurrent excitor was less effective than elemental extinction). Experiment 3 compared compound extinction and second-order conditioning with respect to the effect of context inflation, and produced results incompatible with the view that second-order conditioning contributed to the results of Experiment 2. In Experiment 4, a concurrent excitor enhanced extinction in ABC renewal and attenuated extinction in AAC renewal. The present results suggest that the effect of a concurrent excitor during extinction depends on the strength of the extinction context-US association, thereby confirming predictions of the sometimes -competing retrieval model of associative acquisition and extinction.

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“…Collectively, they support the view that information acquired during initial acquisition is not destroyed or unlearned as a result of extinction treatment. However, recovery from extinction is generally not complete, which suggests that some limited attenuation of the initial excitatory CS-US association may have occurred (e.g., Thomas & Ayres, 2004). …”

Section: Extinction and Recovery From Extinctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associative accounts of recovery-from-extinction effects

McConnell

Miller

2014

Learning and Motivation

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Recovery-from-extinction effects (e.g., spontaneous recovery, renewal, reinstatement, and facilitated reacquisition) have become the focus of much research in recent years. However, despite a great deal of empirical data, there are few theoretical explanations for these effects. This paucity poses a severe limitation on our understanding of these behavioral effects, impedes advances in uncovering neural mechanisms of response recovery, and reduces our potential to prevent relapse after exposure therapy. Towards correcting this oversight, this review takes prominent models of associative learning that have been used in the past and continue to be used today to explain Pavlovian conditioning and extinction, and assesses how each model can be applied to account for recovery-from-extinction effects. The models include the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) model, Mackintosh's (1975) attentional model, Pearce and Hall's (1980) attentional model, Wagner's (1981) SOP model, Pearce's (1987) configural model, McLaren and Mackintosh's (2002) elemental model, and Stout and Miller's (2007) SOCR (comparator hypothesis) model. Each model is assessed for how well it explains or does not explain the various recovery-from-extinction phenomena. We offer some suggestions for how the models might be modified to account for these effects in those instances in which they initially fail.

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Use of the ABA fear renewal paradigm to assess the effects of extinction with co-present fear inhibitors or excitors: Implications for theories of extinction and for treating human fears and phobias

Cited by 44 publications

References 28 publications

Context and Behavioral Processes in Extinction: Table 1.

Context and Behavioral Processes in Extinction: Table 1.

Associative status of the training context determines the effectiveness of compound extinction.

Associative accounts of recovery-from-extinction effects

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