Use of stereocomplex crystallites for fully-biobased microcellular low-density poly(lactic acid) foams for green packaging

Wang, Long; Lee, Richard; Wang, Guilong; Chu, Raymond; Zhao, Jinchuan

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.024

Cited by 119 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…However, this is expected to expand to a broader range of packaging products as its processing costs and technologies evolve [ 6 ]. Like polystyrene (PS), PLA is also widely used for foamed materials; as pure or in combination with lower cost fillers like starch [ 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Biodegradable Flame-Retardant Bamboo Charcoal Composites, Part I: Thermal and Elemental Analyses

et al. 2020

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In this study, bamboo charcoal (BC) was used as a substitute filler for bamboo powder (BP) in a lignocellulose-plastic composite made from polylactic acid (PLA), with aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) added as a fire retardant. A set of BC/PLA/AHP composites were successfully prepared and tested for flame-retardancy properties. Objectives were to (a) assess compatibility and dispersibility of BC and AHP fillers in PLA matrix, and (b) improve flame-retardant properties of PLA composite. BC reduced flexural properties while co-addition of AHP enhanced bonding between PLA and BC, improving strength and ductility properties. Adding AHP drastically reduced the heat release rate and total heat release of the composites by 72.2% compared with pure PLA. The formation of carbonized surface layers in the BC/PLA/AHP composites effectively improved the fire performance index (FPI) and reduced the fire growth index (FGI). Flame-retardant performance was significantly improved with limiting oxygen index (LOI) of BC/PLA/AHP composite increased to 31 vol%, providing a V-0 rating in UL-94 vertical flame test. Adding AHP promoted earlier initial thermal degradation of the surface of BC/PLA/AHP composites with a carbon residue rate up to 40.3%, providing a protective layer of char. Further raw material and char residue analysis are presented in Part II of this series.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Biodegradable Flame-Retardant Bamboo Charcoal Composites, Part I: Thermal and Elemental Analyses

et al. 2020

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“…Poly(lactide acid) (PLA) has become one of the most promising biodegradable polymers due to its excellent properties, such as nontoxicity, easy processability, gas permeability, fully biodegradation within a few weeks, high mechanical strength, and transparency . According to these advantages, it can be used for different applications such as drug delivery system, food container, resorbable, automobile, and film packaging . However, PLA's weak melt strength due to its highly linear structure hinders its use in blown film applications .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The morphological, mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties of PLA/PBAT blown films with chain extender

Pan

et al. 2018

Polymers for Advanced Techs

101

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Biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) blends and films were prepared using melt blending and blowing films technique in the presence of chain extender‐Joncryl ADR 4370F. The ADR contains epoxy functional groups and used as a compatibilizer. The morphological, mechanical, rheological, thermal, and crystalline properties of the PLA/PBAT/ADR blown films were studied. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the films revealed more ductile deformation with increasing PBAT content. The addition of PBAT enhanced the toughness of the PLA film. Tensile tests indicated that the elongation at break increased from 20.5% to 334.6% in the machine direction and from 7.1% to 715.9% in the transverse direction. The Young modulus increased from 2690.5 to 395.6 MPa in the machine direction and from 2623.5 to 154.0 MPa in the transverse direction. The sealing strength of 40/60/0.15 PLA/PBAT/ADR film was the highest among all the samples up to 9.4 N 15 mm−1. These findings gave important implications for designing and manufacturing polymer packaging materials.

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“…After the foam morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL 6060), the number of bubbles was counted. Then, the cell population density was calculated by Equation (4) [25,26]:Cell−population density (number of cells/cm3) =(nA)1.5ρpρf where A is the area (cm 2 ) of the SEM image, n is the number of cells in the image, and ρp and ρf are the densities of the unfoamed and foamed specimens, respectively. Considering the unit volume of the unfoamed polymer and not that of the foamed polymer excludes the effect of bulk volume to compare the cell population density among foams with different bulk volumes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Foamability with Shrinking Microfibers in Linear Polymer

et al. 2019

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Strain hardening has important roles in understanding material structures and polymer processing methods, such as foaming, film forming, and fiber extruding. A common method to improve strain hardening behavior is to chemically branch polymer structures, which is costly, thus preventing users from controlling the degree of behavior. A smart microfiber blending technology, however, would allow cost-efficient tuning of the degree of strain hardening. In this study, we investigated the effects of compounding polymers with microfibers for both shear and extensional rheological behaviors and characteristics and thus for the final foam morphologies formed by batch physical foaming with carbon dioxide. Extensional rheometry showed that compounding of in situ shrinking microfibers significantly enhanced strain hardening compared to compounding of nonshrinking microfibers. Shear rheometry with linear viscoelastic data showed a greater increase in both the loss and storage modulus in composites with shrinking microfibers than in those with nonshrinking microfibers at low frequencies. The batch physical foaming results demonstrated a greater increase in the cell population density and expansion ratio with in situ shrinking microfibers than with nonshrinking microfibers. The enhancement due to the shrinkage of compounded microfibers decreasing with temperature implies that the strain hardening can be tailored by changing processing conditions.

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Use of stereocomplex crystallites for fully-biobased microcellular low-density poly(lactic acid) foams for green packaging

Cited by 119 publications

References 68 publications

Development of Biodegradable Flame-Retardant Bamboo Charcoal Composites, Part I: Thermal and Elemental Analyses

Development of Biodegradable Flame-Retardant Bamboo Charcoal Composites, Part I: Thermal and Elemental Analyses

The morphological, mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties of PLA/PBAT blown films with chain extender

Enhanced Foamability with Shrinking Microfibers in Linear Polymer

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