Use of solid superacid (sulphated SnO2) as efficient catalyst in tacile transesterification of ketoesters

Fatty acid methyl ester synthesis catalyzed by solid superacid catalyst /ZrO2–TiO2/La3+

“…The load of lanthanum can also strengthen the interaction of SO 2À 4 and ZrO 2 -TiO 2 in case of the loss of SO 2À 4 . However, the conversion efficiency decreases when too much lanthanum is added, which can be explained that lanthanum as an assistant component is inactive in the catalytic process and excessive lanthanum would reduce the number of SO 2À 4 bonding to the surface of aggregation of zirconia and titania, thereby the acid strength and relevant activity drop accordingly [9].…”

“…Solid acid catalysts, such as SO 2À 4 /SnO 2 [9] and zeolites [10] used for triglyceride transesterification have shown high catalytic activities. The esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) by solid acid catalysis also has been explored.…”

Synthesis of Ti(SO 4 )O solid acid nano-catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from used cooking oil

“…Several synthetic routes were applied for the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts including sol-gel [24][25][26][27], solvent-free [28,29] and hydrothermal methods [30][31][32][33]. Examples of heterogeneous catalysts include SO /TiO2 [30,[34][35][36][37],, SO /TiO2-SiO2 [38][39][40][41], SrO/SO -ZrO2 [29], SO /ZrO2 [17,[42][43][44], SO /TiO2-ZrO2 [45] and SO /SnO2 [17,46], which were considered for a good catalytic activity for the raw materials containing large amounts of FFA in biodiesel production. Among these, sulphated doped TiO2 is a good example of a solid super-acidic catalyst which is also used in the petrochemical industry and petroleum refining process [24,47] and showed better performances as compared to other sulphated metal oxides.…”

Solid superacid catalyzed fatty acid methyl esters production from acid oil

“…The ion-exchange resins applied into the esterification [17] or transesterification [18] also performed well in the biodiesel production. SO 2À 4 /SnO 2 [19] and zeolites [20] used for triglyceride transesterification have shown high catalytic activities. Sulfated zirconia (SO 2À 4 /ZrO 2 ), sulfated tin oxide (SO 2À 4 /SnO 2 ) and sulfated titanium oxide (SO 2À 4 /TiO 2 ) were also the representative catalysts of solid acid catalysts [21][22][23].…”