Use of Saliva for Diagnosis and Monitoring the SARS-CoV-2: A General Perspective

Cerón, José J.; Lamy, Elsa; Martı́nez-Subiela, Silvia; López‐Jornet, Pía; Silva, Fernando Capela e; Eckersall, P.D.; Tvarijonaviciute, Asta

doi:10.3390/jcm9051491

Cited by 109 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 38 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

119

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Thus, we expect that the oral and gastrointestinal organs should exhibit common interactions in the route of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, recent studies have reported a high positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 detection in saliva 27,28 , indicating that oral infection could be an early symptom of COVID-19.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digestive symptoms of COVID-19 and expression of ACE2 in digestive tract organs

Chu

Zhong

et al. 2020

Cell Death Discov.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in numerous cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide. In addition to fever and respiratory symptoms, digestive symptoms also are observed in some patients with COVID-19. Angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was reported to be the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this study was to comprehensively investigate the digestive symptoms that occur in COVID-19 patients, and the potential pathogenic route of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in digestive tract organs (from the oral cavity to the gastrointestinal tract). We investigated the digestive symptoms of 48 patients with COVID-19 and explored ACE2 expression in digestive tract and lung cancers, based on a series of bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data obtained from public databases. We found that 25% (12/48) of the patients with COVID-19 suffered from digestive symptoms, among which pharyngalgia (7/48) was the most common manifestation, followed by diarrhea (3/48), anorexia (3/48), and nausea (1/48). The bulk tissue RNA sequencing analysis indicated that digestive tract organs had higher ACE2 expression levels compared to the lung, and the expression of ACE2 in the lung increased with age. Single-cell RNA-Seq results showed that the ACE2-positive-cell ratio in digestive tract organs was significantly higher compared to the lung. ACE2 expression was higher in tumor cells compared to normal control (NC) tissues. While in gastric tissues, ACE2 expression gradually increased from chronic gastritis to metaplasia, to early cancer. Our data might provide a theoretical basis for screening the SARS-CoV-2 susceptible population and for the clinical classification of treatment of patients with COVID-19.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digestive symptoms of COVID-19 and expression of ACE2 in digestive tract organs

Chu

Zhong

et al. 2020

Cell Death Discov.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Similar results are reported in other serological studies showing high seroconversion rates between 10 and 14 days after symptoms onset [ [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] ]. Antibody response peak between the second and third-week after infection declining afterwards [ 13 , 18 ] and is characterized by the presence of IgA, IgM and IgG in plasma and saliva [ 13 , 14 , 18 , 19 ]. Although IgM is the first line of ng humoral response, one particularity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is that all three isotypes can be detected in a narrow time frame at seroconversion [ 13 , 18 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Humoral Responses Against Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Humoral immune responses and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2; implications in pathogenesis and protective immunity

Carrillo

Izquierdo-Useros

Ávila‐Nieto

et al. 2021

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The magnitude and the quality of humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 have been associated with clinical outcome. Although the elicitation of humoral responses against different viral proteins is rapid and occurs in most infected individuals, its magnitude is highly variable among them and positively correlates with COVID-19 disease severity. This rapid response is characterized by the almost concomitant appearance of virus-specific IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies that contain neutralizing antibodies directed against different epitopes of the Spike glycoprotein. Of particularly interest, the antibodies against domain of the Spike that interacts with the cellular receptor ACE2, known as the receptor binding domain (RBD), are present in most infected individuals and are block viral entry and infectivity. Such neutralizing antibodies protect different animal species when administered before virus exposure; therefore, its elicitation is the main target of current vaccine approaches and their clinical use as recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is being explored. Yet, little information exists on the duration of humoral responses during natural infection. This is a key issue that will impact the management of the pandemic and determine the utility of seroconversion studies and the level of herd immunity. Certainly, several cases of reinfection have been reported, suggesting that immunity could be transient, as reported for other coronaviruses. In summary, although the kinetics of the generation of antibodies against SASR-CoV-2 and their protective activity have been clearly defined, their role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and the length of these responses are still open questions.

show abstract

“…The Amperial™ technology, formerly known as Electric Field Induced Release and Measurement (EFIRM™), is a novel platform capable of performing quantitation of target molecules in both blood and saliva (13)(14)(15)(16). We developed quantitative Amperial™ assays for IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to the S1 spike protein antigen of SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Levels Of Igm and Iga Deteriorate Rapidly Following Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a highly sensitive and specific electrochemical assay to quantify anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies to facilitate pandemic surveillance and monitoring of vaccine response

Chiang¹,

Tu²,

Cheng³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Amperial™ is a novel assay platform that uses immobilized antigen in a conductive polymer gel followed by an electrochemical detection. A highly specific and sensitive assay was developed to quantify levels of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. After establishing linearity and limit of detection we established a reference range of 5 standard deviations above the mean. There were no false positives in 667 consecutive saliva samples obtained prior to 2019. Saliva was obtained from 34 patients who had recovered from documented COVID-19 or had documented positive serologies. All of the patients with symptoms severe enough to seek medical attention had positive antibody tests and 88% overall had positive results.We obtained blinded paired saliva and plasma samples from 14 individuals. The plasma was analyzed using an EUA-FDA cleared ELISA kit and the saliva was analyzed by our Amperial™ assay. All 5 samples with negative plasma titers were negative in saliva testing. Eight of the 9 positive plasma samples were positive in saliva and 1 had borderline results. A CLIA validation was performed as a laboratory developed test in a high complexity laboratory.A quantitative non-invasive saliva based SARSCoV-2 antibody test was developed and validated with sufficient specificity to be useful for population-based monitoring and monitoring of individuals following vaccination.

show abstract

Use of Saliva for Diagnosis and Monitoring the SARS-CoV-2: A General Perspective

Cited by 109 publications

References 38 publications

Digestive symptoms of COVID-19 and expression of ACE2 in digestive tract organs

Digestive symptoms of COVID-19 and expression of ACE2 in digestive tract organs

Humoral immune responses and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2; implications in pathogenesis and protective immunity

Development and validation of a highly sensitive and specific electrochemical assay to quantify anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies to facilitate pandemic surveillance and monitoring of vaccine response

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About