Use of pradofloxacin to treat experimentally induced Mycoplasma hemofelis infection in cats

Dowers, Kristy L.; Tasker, Séverine; Radecki, Steven V.; Lappin, Michael R.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.70.1.105

Cited by 34 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Currently, there is no in vitro test system to assess the viability of hemoplasmas. PCR-positive results do not provide information regarding the presence of viable organisms; however, it is generally believed that the DNA of dead organisms is immediately cleared from the body [9]. Therefore, the ~40-fold increase in " Candidatus M. turicensis" copies in the salivary gland of cat R2, combined with the PCR-positive results of a tissue sample and a blood sample from two additional cats (cat S1 and T1) after methylprednisolone administration, supports the hypothesis that there were still viable organisms in these cats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, it is assumed that infected animals do not completely clear the " Candidatus M. turicensis" organisms, even after antibiotic treatment [6-8]. Different studies have suggested a possible sequestration of feline hemoplasmas in tissues [9-11]. The dynamics of the chronic phase of hemoplasma infection, however, are still poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic "Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis" infection

Novacco

Boretti

Wolf-Jäckel

et al. 2011

Vet Res

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"Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis" infects felids. The pathogenesis of "Candidatus M. turicensis" chronic infection is poorly understood. The goals of the present study were to (1) induce reactivation of the infection in chronic carrier cats by attempted immunosuppression, (2) identify potential tissue sequestration using real-time TaqMan® PCR and (3) monitor the humoral immune response by DnaK enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ten specified pathogen-free cats that had ostensibly recovered from experimental "Candidatus M. turicensis" infection were used: five cats (group 1) received high dose methylprednisolone (attempted immunosuppression), while five cats served as untreated controls (group 2). Besides weekly blood samples, tissue samples were collected from bone marrow, kidney, liver and salivary glands at selected time points. The cats in group 1 had significantly lower lymphocyte counts and higher blood glucose levels after methylprednisolone administration than the controls. After methylprednisolone administration one blood and three tissue samples from cats in group 1 tested PCR-positive; before the administration, only one sample was positive. All other samples tested PCR-negative. All cats stayed seropositive; the antibody levels of the cats in group 1 showed a significant transient decrease after methylprednisolone administration. This is the first study to report the presence of "Candidatus M. turicensis" in tissues of chronically infected cats and the persistence of anti-feline hemoplasma antibodies in the absence of detectable bacteremia. Methylprednisolone administration did not lead to a significant reactivation of the infection. Our results enhance the knowledge of "Candidatus M. turicensis" infection pathogenesis and are clinically relevant to the prognosis of hemoplasma-infected cats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic "Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis" infection

Novacco

Boretti

Wolf-Jäckel

et al. 2011

Vet Res

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“…These findings are similar to those of a recent study in alpacas, in which treatment with oxytetracycline was not associated with faster clearance of ''Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae'' infection. 24 However, in cats, studies 6,7,[20][21][22] using qPCR have demonstrated the effectiveness of both doxycycline and fluoroquinolones in reducing copy numbers of feline hemoplasmas and improving clinical signs, but again, clearance of infection is not always achieved. Given the long duration of treatment with no marked change in M. haemocanis copy numbers, it is likely that the resolution of clinical disease in the present case was due to the development of an effective immune response by the dog.…”

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confidence: 99%

Use of Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction to Monitor Antibiotic Therapy in a Dog with Naturally Acquired Mycoplasma haemocanis Infection

Hulme-Moir

Barker

Stonelake³

et al. 2010

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. Mycoplasma haemocanis is a hemotropic bacterium that can be associated with acute hemolytic disease in immunocompromised or splenectomized dogs. The present case report describes for the first time the use of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to monitor M. haemocanis infection in a splenectomized dog. The report also describes the application of real-time qPCR for the analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid extracted from stained blood films. The analysis of blood films from the time of initial presentation allowed a retrospective confirmation of M. haemocanis infection. The M. haemocanis copy numbers remained high throughout antibiotic treatment of this dog. A decline in copy numbers was only recorded after 11 months of therapy, when improvements in clinical and hematological indices were also noted. Clearance of infection was not achieved, and the dog remained positive for M. haemocanis at 3.5 months postcessation of antibiotic therapy. Cytological examination of blood films for the presence of organisms was insensitive for the detection of parasitemia.

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“…The recruitment of eosinophils, although usually associated with parasitic and allergic inflammation, can also be associated with certain bacterial infections [40]. Eosinophilia has been previously reported during feline hemoplasma infections but was not considered clinically relevant [41,42]. In addition, a previous study reported an association between eosinophilia and latent Haemobartonella canis infection [43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection from reinfection in “Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis”-infected cats and characterization of the immune response

Novacco

Boretti

Franchini

et al. 2012

Vet Res

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“Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis” (CMt) is a hemoplasma species of felids. Recent evidence has shown that cats that overcome bacteremia may be protected from reinfection. The purposes of this study were to (1) re-inoculate ostensibly recovered cats, (2) evaluate the immune response and (3) assess CMt tissue loads. Fifteen specified pathogen-free cats were subcutaneously inoculated with CMt: 10 cats (group A) had previously undergone bacteremia and recovered, and 5 naïve cats (group B) served as controls. CMt infections were monitored by real-time PCR using blood and tissue, and the humoral immune response was assessed using DnaK ELISA. Cytokine mRNA expression levels were measured by real-time PCR, and lymphocyte subsets were detected by flow cytometry. The cats in group A were protected from reinfection (no detectable bacteremia) and showed a transient decrease in antibodies. Eosinophilia was noted in cats from group A. The cats from group B became PCR-positive and seroconverted. All of the tissues analyzed from the cats in group B but none of the tissues analyzed from the cats in group A were CMt PCR-positive. Significant changes were observed in the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-4 and the Th2/Th1 ratio in both groups. The cats from group A occasionally showed higher numbers of CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD25+ and CD5+MHCII+ T lymphocytes than the control cats. In conclusion, this study describes, for the first time, the occurrence of immunological protection within the same hemoplasma species. Furthermore, the immune response during CMt infections appeared to be skewed toward the Th2 type.

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Use of pradofloxacin to treat experimentally induced Mycoplasma hemofelis infection in cats

Abstract: Pradofloxacin had anti-M hemofelis effects similar to those of doxycycline. In addition, pradofloxacin may be more effective at long-term M hemofelis organism clearance than doxycycline.

Cited by 34 publications

References 25 publications

Chronic "Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis" infection

Chronic "Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis" infection

Use of Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction to Monitor Antibiotic Therapy in a Dog with Naturally Acquired Mycoplasma haemocanis Infection

Protection from reinfection in “Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis”-infected cats and characterization of the immune response

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