“…The device remained sporadically popular across institutions: Daniel Hack Tuke (1885), of the famed York Retreat, reported 111 patients in American institutions occupying covered bedsteads only 2 years prior-a number he believed to be an underestimate, given that not all superintendents regarded the device to be a type of restraint. With data from the same year, Robert Esther (1997) found that the covered bedstead remained the fourth most commonly used restraint at the St. Louis Insane Asylum, accounting for 12% of the 2,537 incidents recorded during a 6-month period. Similarly, the Topeka Daily Capital reported in 1887 that the beds were still in use in institutions across Kansas (Redjinski, 1971), and crib-beds were listed among the restraints in use at the Beauport Asylum in Quebec in 1888 (Hurd, 1916(Hurd, -1917.…”