Use of phenol red thread tests to evaluate tear production in clinically normal Amazon parrots and comparison with Schirmer tear test findings

Storey, Eric S.; Carboni, Deborah A.; Kearney, Michael T.; Tully, Thomas N.

doi:10.2460/javma.235.10.1181

Cited by 50 publications

(74 citation statements)

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“…The values found by these authors were higher (12.3±4.5mm/ min) compared to parrots. Storey et al (2009) described values of 7.9±2.6 and 5.1±3.3mm/min for STT-1 and STT-2, respectively, evaluating A. ventralis parrots, where the values obtained for STT-1 were above those measured for A. aestiva. Methodological modifications certainly affect the results obtained and should be considered in the interpretation of the findings, besides anatomic and physiologic characteristics of the species studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Although this test is well tolerated by birds (Bliss et al 2015), low reproducibility has been reported in large Psitacciformes (Holt et al 2006), and better PRT reproducibility on A. ventralis (Storey et al 2009). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…It was not feasible to use the standard STT strip in the conjunctival sac of the lower eyelid, although Storey et al (2009) have been successful using this method in assessing the parrot species A. ventralis. Even after inserting the strip into the conjunctival sac, the birds did not allow the strip to remain for the time required for tear measurement, probably due to the discomfort caused by the standard-sized test strip.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

et al. 2017

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RESUMO.-[Teste lacrimal deSchirmer modificado e tonometria de rebote em papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva).] O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm), a pressão intraocular (PIO) pela tonometria de rebote e o comprimento da fissura palpebral (FP) do papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva). Foram avaliados 35 papagaios adultos e saudáveis, provenientes de um Criadouro Conservacionista do Brasil. Após avaliação clínica e laboratorial, as aves foram fisicamente contidas para aferição, em ambos os olhos, do TLSm, da PIO pela tonometria de rebote e do comprimento da FP utilizando-se um paquímetro digital. Valor médio do TLSm foi 6.2±0.1mm/min e da PIO foi 6.4±0.1 mmHg, enquanto a aferição da FP foi 10.1±0.1mm. Uma correlação moderada foi observada entre TLSm e a FP para olho direito (OD) (ρ=0.14) e olho esquerdo (OE) (ρ=0.20). Os resultados podem servir como valores de referência para testes oftálmi-cos para A. aestiva. TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO:Teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado, tonometria de rebote, papagaio-verdadeiro, Amazona aestiva, aves, produção lacrimal, pressão intraocular, comprimento da fissura palpebral, animais silvestres. INTRODUCTIONThe blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) measures 35-37cm in length and weighs approximately 400 g, reaching sexual maturity of age at five years. Individuals of this species have a predominant green color, yellow head with blue forehead, and black feet and beak (Forshaw 2010). Because of their vocalization skills similar to speech and interaction with humans, it is bred as a pet (Godoy 2007). Birds are considered animals with great visual acuity, which are important factors for breeding, feeding and flight (Hart 2002, Reuter et al. 2011, Williams 2012, Rauscher et al. 2013). The ophthalmic reference values used for the mSTT and rebound tonometry in these animals lack inter-and intraspecies information.Due to the lack of specific data for A. aestiva, we aimed establish normal parameters for modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and palpebral fissure length (PFL). Also, to verify any correlation among mSTT and PFL. Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) The aim of this study was to describe the modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry and palpebral fissure length (PFL) in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five healthy adult animals from a conservation breeding center in Brazil were used in this study. Modified Schirmer tear test, rebound tonometry and PFL measurements were performed in both eyes, with birds under physical restraint. Mean mSTT was 6.2±0.1mm/min and mean IOP was 6.4±0.1mmHg, while PFL was 10.1±0.1mm. A moderate correlation was seen between mSTT and PFL for OD (ρ=0.14) and OS (ρ=0.20). The results provide ophthalmic tests reference values for A. aestiva.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

et al. 2017

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“…Some investigators have used the phenol red thread (PRT) tear test for measuring tear production in birds. 6,14 The PRT tear test is an alternative method of tear measurement by which tear production is measured using a 75-mm-long cotton thread that has been impregnated with 1 ll of phenolsulfonphthalein, a pH-sensitive indicator. When the more alkaline tears are absorbed, the pH indicator turns the thread from yellow to red.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,14,15 The wide range of normal STT values in avian species justifies the importance of determining baseline values for individual species and demonstrates the risk of extrapolating normal values from one species to another. 10 The mean STT values in the present study were 16.3 6 2.5 mm/1 min when measurements from both eyes were averaged.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DETERMINATION OF REFERENCE VALUES FOR INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND SCHIRMER TEAR TEST IN CLINICALLY NORMAL OSTRICHES (STRUTHIO CAMELUS)

Ghaffari

Sabzevari²,

Vahedi³

et al. 2012

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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The purpose of this study was to establish normal physiologic reference values for intraocular pressure (IOP) and Schirmer tear test (STT) results in clinically normal ostriches (Struthio camelus). Twenty ostriches of both sexes, 10 juveniles (1.5-2 yr of age) and 10 adults, were included in this study. Complete ophthalmic examination was performed prior to this investigation. STT was performed by inserting a standard sterile STT strip over the ventral lid margin into the ventral conjunctival sac for 60 sec. Following the STT, IOP was measured using applanation tonometry with the Tono-Pen Vet TM tonometer after topical instillation of one drop of 0.5% proparacaine ophthalmic solution. The mean 6 SD and range of Tono-Pen readings of IOP for all birds was 18.8 6 3.5, with a range of 12-24. Mean IOP in juvenile ostriches was 19.7 6 3.6. Mean IOP in adult ostriches was 16.9 6 2.9. There was no statistically significant difference between young and adult birds (P ¼ 0.07). The mean STT values in the present study were 16.3 6 2.5 mm/1 min when measurements from both eyes were averaged. Mean STT in juvenile and adult ostriches was 15.4 6 1.8 and 17.2 6 2.9 mm/1 min, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between young and adult birds (P ¼ 0.11). No statistically significant differences between genders were found for any of the results (P ! 0.41). In conclusion, this study provides normal reference range values for STT and IOP in clinically healthy ostriches.

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Common Features of Exotic Animal Ophthalmology

Williams¹

2012

Ophthalmology of Exotic Pets

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Use of phenol red thread tests to evaluate tear production in clinically normal Amazon parrots and comparison with Schirmer tear test findings

Abstract: Results indicated that the PRTT and STT were both viable methods for measurement of tear production in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots. Topical application of an ophthalmic anesthetic agent did not have a significant effect on the PRTT values but significantly decreased the STT values.

Cited by 50 publications

References 19 publications

Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

DETERMINATION OF REFERENCE VALUES FOR INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND SCHIRMER TEAR TEST IN CLINICALLY NORMAL OSTRICHES (STRUTHIO CAMELUS)

Common Features of Exotic Animal Ophthalmology

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