Use of partial least squares path modelling to assess the willingness of Chinese female sex workers to participate in a microbicide trial

Influences on clinical trial participation: Enhancing recruitment through a gender lens - A scoping review

“…Safety concerns also included potential psychological and societal harm when trial participation was perceived to threaten a person's reputation or position in society. This was observed in two male-only trials in developing countries [ 68 , 81 ], one trial of transwomen [ 31 ] and a trial of female sex-workers in China [ 65 ]. Closeted gay men in India expressed concern they would be exposed to stigma, discrimination and loss of social status should their participation in a HIV/AIDS vaccine prevention trial reveal their hidden sexuality to their immediate community [ 68 , 81 ].…”

“…attending appointments, access to transportation, travel difficulty), emerged as a primary factor contributing to a decreased WTP across all studies. Notably, this was more pronounced in women [ [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] ] and was consistently observed across different ethnicities, geographical locations and health conditions.…”

“…The concept of cost neutral trial participation was considered important [ 39 , 65 , 70 ] and substantially increased WTP for both genders. In a study involving healthy fertile women, it was found 77% of participants would have declined trial participation if ‘reasonable expenses’ had not been provided [ 54 ].…”

“…Further, one women-only study reported WTP was higher for trial designs evaluating an existing surgical procedure with a new procedure than when trials evaluated two new surgical procedures [ 79 ]. Additionally, WTP reduced when a trial intervention design was perceived to be burdensome for example, when trial participation required diary keeping [ 58 ] or regular blood tests [ 63 , 65 ].…”

“…Benefit to self (when an individual perceived trial participation would improve their health outcomes) was described by many studies as a powerful factor influencing WTP among both genders [ [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , 42 , 46 , 49 , 50 , 55 , 64 , 65 , 71 , 74 , 75 , 85 , 88 ]. In particular, both men and women were motivated by the hope that trial participation would improve their health.…”