Use of nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy

Hobbie, John E.; Daley, Ralph J.; Jasper, S.

doi:10.1128/aem.33.5.1225-1228.1977

Cited by 3,920 publications

(1,223 citation statements)

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“…These forms passed through a 1-p,m filter and were the principal food for the cladocerans in the 1-p,m-filtrate treatment. The average volume of planktonic bacterial cells is generally 0.05-0.10 p,m 3 (Ferguson and Rublee 1976, Bowden 1977, Hobbie et al 1977, Watson et al 1977, Zimmerman 1977. The biomass of free bacteria available to zooplankton for the different experiments can be calculated by assuming a cell density of 1.07 g/mL, a dryto wet-mass ratio of0.23, and a carbon to dry-mass ratio of0.5 (Bowden 1977, Watson et al 1977.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analyses of lake and pond carbon budgets suggest that zooplankton obtain a substantial proportion of their carbon from detritus pathways via bacteria (Wetzel 1975:611-613). Recent advances in methodology have confirmed that bacteria are both numerically abundant (Hobbie et al 1977, Watson et al 1977, Hobbie 1979, Porter and Feig 1980 and significant producers of biomass in the plankton.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These are considerably larger (1-2 MID) than most planktonic forms, which are <I MID in maximum dimension and 0. I MID 3 in maximum volume and occur primarily as free-living cells rather than as colonies or attached to detrital particles (Daley and Hobbie 1975, Ferguson and Rublee 1976, Bowden 1977, Hobbie et al 1977, Watson eta!. 1977, Zimmerman 1977, Hobbie 1979, Porter and Feig 1980.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Species‐ and Age‐Specific Differences in Bacterial Resource Utilization by Two Co‐Occurring Cladocerans

Pace¹,

Porter²,

Feig³

1983

Ecology

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The trophic interaction between zooplankton and bacteria was examined to determine how this food web linkage varied with resource abundance and consumer species and age. Life table experiments and feeding—rate measurements were conducted with two species of co—occurring cladocerans, Daphnia parvula and Ceriodaphnia lacustris. Cohorts of these cladocerans were followed from birth to death and fed either no food (particle—free lake water), natural bacteria only (1—μm filtrate of lake water), whole lake water, or lake water enriched with 104 cells/mL of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardi. By comparing cohorts grown in lake water to those grown in enriched lake water, we also determined the extent of food limitation in the natural populations of these two potentially competitive species. As bacterial densities increased from winter through summer, the ability of the larger species, Daphnia parvula, to grow and reproduce on the bacterial fraction also increased. Bacteria, however, were never a primary resource for Daphnia. The rate of population increase (r) was always negative even at the highest in situ concentrations of bacteria (1—2 ° 107 cells/mL). The smaller species, Ceriodaphnia lacustris, was able to increase (° K 0.070) on bacteria alone at lower bacterial concentrations (5 ° 106 cells/mL). Ceriodaphnia juveniles had the highest age—specific survival rates (lx) on bacteria. The improved survivorship was not due to higher feeding rates on bacteria by Ceriodaphnia. Neither age nor species when adjusted for the effect of body mass accounted for a significant portion of the variance in filtering rates on bacteria. Natural field food concentrations were always suboptimal, based on comparisons of growth rates, reproduction, and ° values for the cohorts grown in lake water vs. enriched lake water. Rates of increase (°), however, were always substantially greater than zero in the lake water treatment for both species, indicating that food is not the primary factor that causes seasonal declines of the cladoceran populations in this lake. These results demonstrate a differential utilization efficiency of the smallest resource size—classes by these two zooplankton species. The experiments also indicate the dynamic nature of the trophic interaction between zooplankton and bacteria. The strength of this food web pathway varies with both the seasonal abundance of bacteria and the age, size, and type of zooplankton consumer.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Species‐ and Age‐Specific Differences in Bacterial Resource Utilization by Two Co‐Occurring Cladocerans

Pace¹,

Porter²,

Feig³

1983

Ecology

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“…In the laboratory, the bacterial concentration of sample water was determined by the acridine orange direct count method (Hobbie et al 1977) using an epifluorescence microscope (Olympus BH-2; Olympus Optical Co. Ltd., Tokyo). Each 100 p1 of sample water was filtered through a Nuclepore 0.2 pm filter, and bacteria retained on the filter were stained.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local and Regional‐Scale Food Web Structure in Nepenthes alata Pitchers¹

1998

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Tropical Nepenthes pitcher plants provide small, isolated aquatic habitats. We examined inter‐pitcher variation in the community structure of the inhabitants of Nepenthes alata Blanco in West Sumatra, focusing on the conditions of the pitchers, bacterial density in the pitcher fluid, density and biomass of metazoan inhabitants, and the frequencies of interspecific encounters. Older pitchers contained more insect carcasses. The bacterial density increased with the age of the pitchers, but decreased in withered pitchers that contained finely decomposed detritus. In live pitchers, the bacterial density, the density, mass and species richness of metazoa, and the number of trophic levels per pitcher were positively correlated with detrital mass, which was correlated with volume of pitcher fluid. The metazoan fauna from N. alata consisted of 4 predators and 12 saprophages, among the richest known for Nepenthes species. However, each individual pitcher harbored a limited numbers of species, owing to (1) the low incidence of many species, and (2) the aggregated distribution and different temporal colonization pattern of major species. Six dipteran taxa (one predator and five saprophages) accounted for the bulk of metazoan inhabitant biomass. Of 48 combinations of predator‐prey encountered, only four occurred frequently (in > 30% of pitchers), which included two predators and three saprophages. Thus, individual pitchers harbored relatively simple communities despite the regional species richness, and only limited kinds of predator‐prey encounters seemed to occur frequently in the regional food web. The local‐scale properties of the subdivided communities presented here provide the basic information for understanding the maintenance of regional species richness and food web complexity.

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“…Subsamples of epiphyton, periphyton, and biofilm scrapes were kept for heterotroph and autotroph abundance estimates. Known volumes of epiphyton, periphyton, or biofilms were stained with either DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) for bacteria (Hobbie, Daley, & Jasper, 1977), or labeled lectin (fluorescien-labeled wheat germ agglutinin) for fungal counts (e.g., Wanchoo, Lewis, & Keyhani, 2009). Heterotrophs were counted under a microscope at 40× using epifluorescence, and autotrophs were counted using standard light microscopy at 40× magnification.…”

Section: Me Thodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

When is an herbivore not an herbivore? Detritivory facilitates herbivory in a freshwater system

Sanchez

Trexler

2018

Ecology and Evolution

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Herbivory is thought to be an inefficient diet, but it independently evolved from carnivorous ancestors in many metazoan groups, suggesting that plant‐eating is adaptive in some circumstances. In this study, we tested two hypotheses to explain the adaptive evolution of herbivory: (i) the Heterotroph Facilitation hypothesis (herbivory is adaptive because herbivores supplement their diets with heterotrophic microbes); and (ii) the Lipid Allocation hypothesis (herbivory is adaptive because algae, which have high lipid concentrations, are nutritionally similar to carnivory). We tested these hypotheses using enclosure cages placed in the Everglades and stocked with Sailfin Mollies (Poecilia latipinna), a native herbivore. Using shading and phosphorus addition (P), we manipulated the heterotrophic microbe and lipid composition of colonizing epiphyton and examined the effects of varying food quality on Sailfin Molly life history. Epiphyton grown in “shade only” conditions had a 55% increase in bacterial fatty acids and 34% lower ratios of saturated + monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fatty acids relative to the other treatments. Ratio of autotroph to heterotroph biovolume varied throughout the experiment, with a 697% increase at 3 weeks and 98% decrease at 6 weeks compared to the other treatments. Gut contents revealed that fish fed selectively on epiphyton to compensate for apparent deficiencies in the available food. Fish raised in “shade only” cages experienced the highest survival, which was best explained by autotrophic biovolume and algal‐ and bacterial‐derived fatty acids at 3 weeks (2–6× more likely than alternative models with ∆AICc > 2.00), and by percentage of bacterial fatty acids in the diet at 6 weeks (3–8× more likely than alternative models with ∆AICc > 2.00). There were no differences in fish growth among treatments. Autotrophic lipids play a role in early fish life history, but we did not find these to be the best predictors of life history later in the juvenile period. Instead, heterotrophic lipids facilitated the herbivorous diet and enhanced survival of juvenile fish in our experiment. Bacterial fatty acid content of the diet promoted herbivore survival, consistent with the Heterotroph Facilitation hypothesis. This is the first study to explicitly contrast Heterotrophic Facilitation and Lipid Allocation hypotheses for the adaptive evolution of herbivory in an aquatic system.

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Use of nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy

Cited by 3,920 publications

References 10 publications

Species‐ and Age‐Specific Differences in Bacterial Resource Utilization by Two Co‐Occurring Cladocerans

Species‐ and Age‐Specific Differences in Bacterial Resource Utilization by Two Co‐Occurring Cladocerans

Local and Regional‐Scale Food Web Structure in Nepenthes alata Pitchers¹

When is an herbivore not an herbivore? Detritivory facilitates herbivory in a freshwater system

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Use of nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy

Cited by 3,920 publications

References 10 publications

Species‐ and Age‐Specific Differences in Bacterial Resource Utilization by Two Co‐Occurring Cladocerans

Species‐ and Age‐Specific Differences in Bacterial Resource Utilization by Two Co‐Occurring Cladocerans

Local and Regional‐Scale Food Web Structure in Nepenthes alata Pitchers1

When is an herbivore not an herbivore? Detritivory facilitates herbivory in a freshwater system

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Local and Regional‐Scale Food Web Structure in Nepenthes alata Pitchers¹