Use of Non-Linear Ultrasonic Techniques to Detect Cracks Due to Steel Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Structures

Climent, M.Á.; Miró, Marina Martinez; Carbajo, J.; Poveda-Martínez, Pedro; Almenar, Guillem de Vera; Ramis, J.

doi:10.3390/ma12050813

Cited by 31 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…The maximum current density occurs on the rebar bottom ( 180 q =  , nearest to the cathode) and the minimum on the rebar top ( 0 q =  , farthest from the cathode). Experimentally, it is observed that the first cracks appears on the sample surface at four days, when current distribution is very similar to the initial [27]. Calculated current density on the rebar bottom and the rebar top when the first cracks occur are, respectively, 154.13 μA/cm 2 and 46.14 μA/cm 2 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Moreover, theoretical metal loss (evaluated using Faraday's law for a 100 µA/cm 2 current density) is consistent with experimentally observed metal loss. Experimental to the theoretical metal loss ratio mean value was found to be 1.05, with a standard deviation of 0.19 (three samples) [27].…”

Section: Rebar Shape Modelmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…A section of the mortar sample is shown in Figure 1 Steel mass loss was measured at the end of the corrosion test using the procedure found in Reference [26]. More details of the experimental tests can be found elsewhere [27].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rebar Shape Time-Evolution During a Reinforced Concrete Corrosion Test: An Electrochemical Model

et al. 2019

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An electrochemical model is presented to calculate the rebar shape time-evolution in reinforced mortar specimens during forced corrosion tests. This provides a more realistic description than the usually used geometric models. The current distribution along the rebar perimeter is calculated by using Finite Element Method (FEM) to solve Laplace equation. Then, Faraday's law is used to relate current distribution to rebar volume increase due to corrosion products creation. The shape of the rebar section is obtained as a function of corrosion time.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Rebar Shape Modelmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Rebar Shape Time-Evolution During a Reinforced Concrete Corrosion Test: An Electrochemical Model

et al. 2019

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“…The grain boundary is reduced when the grain size increases, and the chromium element is precipitated, which will increase the nonlinear parameter. In addition, microcrack is more likely to occur when the grain size increases, and microcrack is one of the important factors that tends to increase the nonlinear parameter [22,23]. microstructural evolution can be reflected by the changes of mechanical properties of TP304 steels, and also can be evaluated by measuring nonlinear parameters.…”

Section: Relationship Between the Microstructural Evolution And Nonlimentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Microstructural Evolution of TP304 Stainless Steel Using a Pulse-Echo Nonlinear Method

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2020

Materials

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Tube/Pipe (TP) 304 stainless steel has been widely used in industry, but a change in its microstructures may endanger its service safety, and it is essential to evaluate its microstructural evolution. In this work, a pulse-echo nonlinear method is proposed to characterize the microstructural evolution of the TP304 stainless steel. The detailed pulse-echo nonlinear experimental process is presented, and it is shown that the absolute nonlinear parameter can be determined when the effect of attenuation is taken into account. The microstructural evolution of TP304 stainless steel is artificially controlled by annealing treatments before it is evaluated by using nonlinear ultrasonic method and metallographic method. The results show that the grain sizes increase as the annealing time increases, which leads to the performance degradation of the TP304 steel and an increase in the nonlinear parameters, with the reason discussed considering the variation in the microstructure. The present pulse-echo nonlinear method is easier to conduct than the traditional transmission-through method and the absolute nonlinear parameter can be determined for quantitative characterization. The variation in determined nonlinear parameters provides a reference to evaluate the microstructural evolution of TP304 stainless steel.Materials 2020, 13, 1395 2 of 11 dislocations, precipitates, and fatigue microcracks [6]. Therefore, nonlinear acoustic testing can be used to characterize the degradation of the microstructural properties of TP 304 stainless steel components.When a monochromic ultrasonic wave is transmitted in a material, the waveform is distorted by the nonlinear elastic property of the material and harmonic waves are generated [7]. The nonlinear ultrasonic method often measures these harmonic waves to obtain the relative or absolute nonlinear parameter to evaluate the microstructural evolution of materials. The typical method uses longitudinal waves and is usually conducted in through-transmission mode, which requires access to both sides; however, this technique may be restrictive in a field measurement scenario where, for example, access is only possible to the outer surface of a pipeline [8]. The pulse-echo method, which enables single-side access to the test component using a nonlinear longitudinal wave, provides a useful tool for practical applications of nonlinear ultrasonic measurement.Determining the absolute nonlinear parameter is important in order to quantitatively evaluate the microstructural evolution of materials [9]. Measuring nonlinear parameters for fluids using the pulse-echo method with a rigid boundary has been reported [10]. For solid materials or structures, the stress-free boundary will destructively alter the nonlinear wave generation process. Some researchers have shown that the 'residual' nonlinear wave reflected from stress-free boundaries can still be measured [8,11]. However, there are some difficulties in determining the absolute nonlinear parameters of TP 304 stainless steel using the pulse-echo method...

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“…In this study, ultrasonic speed tests were performed to check the quality and continuity of the concrete before and after contact with the acid discharge from the black shale. The ultrasonic speed tests have been widely used for the inspection of concrete structures and presented high sensitivity and reliability to the interface between concrete and cracking [21,22]. The tests were conducted using ultrasonic test equipment (Proceq Pundit Lab+, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland), following ASTM E494-15.…”

Section: Ultrasonic Speed Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deterioration and Oxidation Characteristics of Black Shale under Immersion and Its Impact on the Strength of Concrete

et al. 2020

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Black shale, which usually contains pyrite, is easily oxidized and generates acid discharge. This acidic environment is not favorable for concrete in engineering applications and is likely to affect the durability of engineering structures. This study investigated the effect of acid discharge from the weathering of black shale on the strength of concrete under partially immersed conditions. Black shale concrete immersion tests were conducted at different immersion depths to evaluate the oxidation conduction of black shale. Water chemistry and oxidation products were monitored during and after the immersion tests. The quality and strength of the black shale and concrete specimens were obtained before and after the immersion by testing the ultrasonic wave velocity and uniaxial compressive strength. The results indicated that a lower immersion depth of black shale reveals a higher degree of oxidation, and the capillary zone in black shale is critical for black shale oxidation in terms of mass transfer. The ultrasonic velocity of the concrete showed different change patterns in the immersed and non-immersed zones. Precipitation and additional hydration enhanced the quality and entirety of the concrete (increased ultrasonic velocity) at the non-immersed or partially-immersed zones, while the dissolution of concrete was dominant in the immersed zone (decreased ultrasonic velocity) and induced a reduction of concrete quality. The compressive strength of the concrete was enhanced after immersion. The concrete strength slightly increased by 5–15%. This phenomenon is attributed to the filling of the voids by the precipitations of minerals, such as goethite and anhydrite.

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Use of Non-Linear Ultrasonic Techniques to Detect Cracks Due to Steel Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Structures

Cited by 31 publications

References 27 publications

Rebar Shape Time-Evolution During a Reinforced Concrete Corrosion Test: An Electrochemical Model

Rebar Shape Time-Evolution During a Reinforced Concrete Corrosion Test: An Electrochemical Model

Characterizing Microstructural Evolution of TP304 Stainless Steel Using a Pulse-Echo Nonlinear Method

Deterioration and Oxidation Characteristics of Black Shale under Immersion and Its Impact on the Strength of Concrete

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