Use of nicotine replacement therapy in situations involving temporary abstinence from smoking: A national survey of English smokers

Beard, Emma; Michie, Susan; Fidler, Jenny; West, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.09.013

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The following tobacco control policies were assessed using a temporary pulse effect (i.e. an effect lasting only for the month in which the policy was implemented), in which a dummy variable was coded 0 before and after the policy was introduced and 1 during the month the policy was introduced: (1) the introduction of a smoking ban in July 2007 [36]; (2) change in the minimum age of sale of cigarettes in October 2007 [37]; (3) pictorial health warnings on product packaging introduced in October 2008 [38]; (4) licensing of NRT for harm reduction in December 2009 [40]; (5) point-of-sale display ban introduced in England in April 2012 [39]; (6) the move in commissioning of stop smoking services to local authorities in April 2013 [41]; and (7) the publication of NICE guidance on harm reduction in June 2013 [42].…”

Section: Explanatory Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An evaluation of the partial tobacco point-of-sale display ban introduced in England in April 2012 (only for large retail shops, with smaller shops requiring implementation by April 2015) found evidence for a decline in smoking prevalence [39]. There have also been several other policies, including licensing of NRT for harm reduction in December 2009 [40], the move in commissioning of stop smoking services to local authorities in April 2013 [41] and the publication of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance on harm reduction in June 2013 [42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population‐level predictors of changes in success rates of smoking quit attempts in England: a time series analysis

et al. 2019

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AimsTo quantify associations between the success of smoking quit attempts and factors that have varied throughout 2007-2018 at a population level. Design time series analysis using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogeneous Input (ARIMAX) modelling. Setting and Participants Data were aggregated from 54 847 pastyear smokers taking part in the Smoking Toolkit Study which involves monthly repeated cross-sectional household surveys of individuals aged 16+ in England. Measurements The input series were: (1) attempts at smoking reduction using (a) e-cigarettes and (b) nicotine replacement therapy (NRT); (2) use during a quit attempt of (a) ecigarettes, (b) NRT over-the-counter, (c) medication on prescription and (d) face-to-face behavioural support; (3) use of roll-your-own tobacco; (4) prevalence of (a) smoking and (b) non-daily smoking; (5) tobacco control mass media expenditure; (6) expenditure on smoking; (7) smoker characteristics in the form of (a) high motivation to quit, (b) average age, (c) socio-economic status and (d) cigarette consumption; (8) implementation of tobacco control policies;and (9) quit attempt rate. Findings The licensing of NRT for harm reduction was associated with a 0.641% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.073-1.209, P = 0.027] increase in the mean point prevalence of the success rate of quit attempts. For every 1% increase in the mean point prevalence of e-cigarette use and use of prescription medication during a quit attempt, the mean point prevalence of successful quit attempts increased by 0.106% (95% CI = 0.011-0.201, P = 0.029) and 0.143% (95% CI = 0.009-0.279, P = 0.038), respectively. For every 1% increase in the mean expenditure on tobacco control mass media, the mean point prevalence of successful quit attempts increased by 0.046% (95% CI = 0.001-0.092, P = 0.046). Other associations were not statistically significant. Conclusion In England between 2007 and 2018, licensing of nicotine replacement therapy for use in harm reduction, greater use of e-cigarettes and prescription medications during a quit attempt and higher expenditure on tobacco control mass media were all associated with higher success rates of quit attempts. Predictors of smoking quit rates in England 317Addiction, 115, -315 325

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Section: Explanatory Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population‐level predictors of changes in success rates of smoking quit attempts in England: a time series analysis

et al. 2019

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“…Monthly tobacco control mass media expenditure (in million £) was obtained from Public Health England. The following tobacco control policies were also adjusted for using a temporary pulse effect, whereby a dummy variable was coded 0 before and after the policy was introduced and 1 during the month the policy was introduced: (1) the introduction of a ban in enclosed public spaces in July 2007 [18], (2) pictorial health warnings on product packaging introduced in October 2008 [19], (3) licencing of NRT for harm reduction in December 2009 [20], (4) point-of-sale ban introduced in England in April 2012 [21], (5) the move in commissioning of stop smoking services to local authorities in April 2013 [22], and (6) the publication of NICE guidance on harm reduction in June 2013 [23]. Sensitivity analyses were also run which modelled the two policies occurring closest in time to the increase in age-of-sale, the introduction of a ban in enclosed public spaces and the pictorial health warnings on product packaging, as longterm step-level changes.…”

Section: Covariatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term evaluation of the rise in legal age-of-sale of cigarettes from 16 to 18 in England: a trend analysis

Beard

Brown

Jackson

et al. 2020

BMC Med

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Objective: To assess the long-term impact of the increase in age-of-sale of cigarettes from 16 to 18 in England in October 2007. Methods: Data were collected between November 2006 and September 2018 on 252,601 participants taking part in a nationally representative survey of adults aged 16+ in England, the Smoking Toolkit Study (STS). We assessed the impact of the introduction of the increase in age-of-sale on prevalence of ever smoking, current smoking, and quit attempts, among 16-17 year olds compared with 18-24 year olds. Results: Following the increase in age-of-sale, there was a declining trend in ever smoking that was greater among 16-17 year olds than 18-24 year olds (OR 0.990 versus OR 0.993; p = 0.019). Data on current smoking were insensitive to detect a difference between the age groups in a step-level change or change in trend following the increase in age-ofsale (Bayes factors (BFs) 0.75 and 2.10). Data on quit attempts were also insensitive to detect a change in trend (BF 0.71), and despite a greater step-level decline among those aged 16-17 (OR 0.311 versus OR 0.547, p = 0.025), quit attempts remained higher among those aged 16-17. Secondary analysis indicated that post-policy change, trends in current and ever smoking were linear for 16-17 year olds but quadratic for 18-24 year olds (slowing decline). Conclusion: There is some evidence from an assessment of long-term trends in the Smoking Toolkit Study that the increase in legal age-of-sale of cigarettes in England was associated with a greater long-term decline in ever smoking among those aged 16-17 compared with those aged 18-24.

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“…L-nicotine is the major addictive substance found in tobacco and is usually taken up in the human body through smoking, chewing, or sniffing tobacco. In the framework of nicotine replacement therapies for smoking cessation, nicotine can be administered using gums and tablets, nicotine patches, inhalers, and nasal sprays [30][31][32]. This raises the question on the most efficient way of nicotine delivery keeping in mind that in case of oral intake (gums and tablets), a large fraction of the nicotine is swallowed and will not enter the bloodstream.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecularly imprinted polymers as synthetic receptors for the QCM-D-based detection of l-nicotine in diluted saliva and urine samples

et al. 2013

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Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic receptors that are able to specifically bind their target molecules in complex samples, making them a versatile tool in biosensor technology. The combination of MIPs as a recognition element with quartz crystal microbalances (QCM-D with dissipation monitoring) gives a straightforward and sensitive device, which can simultaneously measure frequency and dissipation changes. In this work, bulk-polymerized L-nicotine MIPs were used to test the feasibility of L-nicotine detection in saliva and urine samples. First, L-nicotine-spiked saliva and urine were measured after dilution in demineralized water and 0.1× phosphate-buffered saline solution for proof-of-concept purposes. L-nicotine could indeed be detected specifically in the biologically relevant micromolar concentration range. After successfully testing on spiked samples, saliva was analyzed, which was collected during chewing of either nicotine tablets with different concentrations or of smokeless tobacco. The MIPs in combination with QCM-D were able to distinguish clearly between these samples: This proves the functioning of the concept with saliva, which mediates the oral uptake of nicotine as an alternative to the consumption of cigarettes.

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Use of nicotine replacement therapy in situations involving temporary abstinence from smoking: A national survey of English smokers

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

Population‐level predictors of changes in success rates of smoking quit attempts in England: a time series analysis

Population‐level predictors of changes in success rates of smoking quit attempts in England: a time series analysis

Long-term evaluation of the rise in legal age-of-sale of cigarettes from 16 to 18 in England: a trend analysis

Molecularly imprinted polymers as synthetic receptors for the QCM-D-based detection of l-nicotine in diluted saliva and urine samples

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