One hundred one Angus cows (612 kg) and their bull calves (214 kg) grazing improved summer pastures were used to determine cow and calf intake of liquid supplement, and its effect on forage intake and performance. Forty-seven pairs had access to liquid supplement in an open tank and 54 pairs were not supplemented. The study was conducted in southwestern Montana from July 28, 1997 to October 3, 1997. Ytterbium chloride was added to the liquid supplement (41 % CP, DM basis) to estimate individual supplement intake. Forage intake was estimated for all supplemented pairs and 10 unsupplemented pairs using estimates of fecal output obtained using chromium boluses and in situ 48 h DM digestibility. All supplemented cows and calves were fitted with a radio frequency (RF) eartag in order to electronically record each visit by an animal to the supplement feeder. Estimated supplement intake by cows and calves averaged .3 kg/d and .1 kg/d, respectively. There was no difference (P > .10) in supplement intake between cows and calves, averaging .04 % BW. Supplemented cows gained .12 kg/d more (P = .02) than unsupplemented cows; however, there was no difference (P > .10) in body condition score change between treatments. Average daily gain by supplemented calves was 30 % greater (P < .01) than ADG by unsupplemented calves. Forage intake (% BW) by supplemented cows and calves was 65 % greater (P < .05) than forage intake by unsupplemented cattle. There was no difference (P > .10) in time spent at the tank between cows and calves, averaging 4.9 min/d. Minutes per day at the feeder was lowest for 7-yr-old cows, intermediate for 6-and 8-yr-old cows, and highest for 9-yr-old cows (P < .10). There was no difference (P > .10) in bouts/d between age groups of cows.
Calf use of liquid supplement was similar to use by cows. Liquid supplementation increased forageThis thesis is dedicated to my two grandfathers: W. Edwin Jacobs, who I think would appreciate this endeavor more than anyone else; and William C. Earley, who let us help work his cattle.
Thank you both.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank Mom, Dad and Lanette for the part they played in making it possible for me to move to Montana and go to graduate school. I wouldn't be here without them. I would also like to thank Dr. Bok Sowell, for taking me on as his graduate student and for his patience, wisdom and sense of humor as my advisor. I also want to thank Dr. Jan Bowman, my co-advisor, for her explanations of statistics and assistance with preparing presentations. I would like to thank Dr. Ray Ansotegui for also serving on my graduate committee and for his help working cattle during the study. Last but not least, thanks to the chairman of my graduate committee, Bart Wellington, who won the chairmanship by losing a pool game at the Bison. Thanks to 'The Swenssssons", Connie and Eric, for all their help with field work, especially checking the computer equipment in Pony. This project would not have happened the way it did without the sponsorship of Nutralix®, Inc. and the fle...