“…For an effective switch from conventional teaching to online or remote teaching and learning, supporting technologies (such as learning management systems, remote and virtual laboratories, interactive quizzes and remote invigilation) and enabling technologies (such as 5G/6G communication systems, big data and data analytics, artificial intelligence, sensors and Internet of things, augmented and virtual reality) are important (Reine et al, 2021;Salta et al, 2022). Furthermore, computers, cellphones, tablets, and cloud-based resources have all been incorporated into educational institutions, resulting in changes to instructional methodologies and pedagogical practices (Bati and Workneh, 2021;Dudar et al, 2021). For instance, different digital internet sites are being implemented to replace conventional classrooms in the COVID-19 era (Aiyedun and Ogunode, 2020).…”