Use of Maraging Steel 1.2709 for Implementing Parts of Pressure Mold Devices with Conformal Cooling System

Piekło, J.; Garbacz-Klempka, A.

doi:10.3390/ma13235533

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Both processes are known for decreasing the microhardness while simultaneously increasing the ductility of the steel. Similar observations were reported in recent studies on the maraging steel [ 4 , 23 , 24 ] and are in good correlation with the hardness increase reported in the present work reaching the maximum of 561 ± 6 HV0.1 at 500 °C due to the formation of precipitates which strengthened the alloy.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Annealing Response of Additively Manufactured High-Strength 1.2709 Maraging Steel Depending on Elevated Temperatures

et al. 2022

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The present work describes the influence of different temperatures on mechanical properties and microstructure of additively manufactured high-strength 1.2709 maraging steel. For this purpose, samples produced by selective laser melting technology were used in their as-printed as well as their heat-treated state. Both samples were than exposed to temperatures ranging between 100 °C to 900 °C with a total dwell time of 2 h followed by water-cooling. The microhardness of the as-printed material reached its maximum (561 ± 6 HV0.1) at 500 °C, which corresponded to the microstructural changes. However, the heat-treated material retained its initial mechanical properties up to 500 °C. As the temperature increased, the microhardness of both the materials reduced, reaching their minimum at 900 °C. This phenomenon was accompanied by a change in the microstructure by forming coarse-grained martensite. This also resulted in a significant decrease in the ultimate tensile strength and an increase in the plasticity. TEM analysis confirmed the formation of Ni3Mo intermetallic phases in the as-printed material when exposed to a temperature of 500 °C. It was found that the same phase was present in the heat-treated sample and it remained stable up to a temperature of 500 °C.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Annealing Response of Additively Manufactured High-Strength 1.2709 Maraging Steel Depending on Elevated Temperatures

et al. 2022

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“…Consequently, they contribute to the reduction in the plastic properties of the AM steel, which appear in the samples under solution annealed conditions. Similar oxide inclusions, described previously in other works [ 11 , 12 ], were also associated with a reduction in plastic properties. Certainly, for steel powders intended for additive manufacturing, the surface conditions are essential.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The sizes of the oxides (i.e., TiO 2 :Al 2 O 3 ) are less than 30 µm with a longer border or less than 10 µm. The appearance of these combined oxide inclusions of Ti and Al was also confirmed in the additively manufactured maraging steel (1.2709, 18Ni (300)) [ 11 , 12 ]; their presence relates to a decrease in the plastic properties of the maraging steel under aged conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…This observation was also stated by Turk et al [ 9 ] on M789 steel; the maximum hardness of 52 HRC and tensile strength around 1820 MPa was obtained by heat treatment in 500 °C for 180 min. Most of the available research focuses on maraging steel with the addition of Co [ 12 , 13 ], while Co-free grades are a novelty. Post-processing heat treatment of AM maraging steel is an important issue in the optimisation of the final mechanical properties of final parts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Novel Co-Free Maraging Steel M789 Prepared by Additive Manufacturing

Brytan

Król

Benedyk³

et al. 2022

Materials

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This research aims to characterize and examine the microstructure and mechanical properties of the newly developed M789 steel, applied in additive manufacturing. The data presented herein will bring about a broader understanding of the processing–microstructure–property–performance relationships in this material based on its chemical composition and heat treatment. Samples were printed using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process and then the solution was annealed at 1000 °C for 1 h, followed by aging at 500 °C for soaking times of 3, 6 and 9 h. The AM components showed a relative density of 99.1%, which arose from processing with the following parameters: laser power of 200 W, laser speed of 340 mm/s, and hatch distance of 120 µm. Optical and electron microscopy observations revealed microstructural defects, typical for LPBF processes, like voids appearing between the melted pools of different sizes with round or creviced geometries, nonmelted powder particle formation inside such cavities, and small spherical porosity that was preferentially located between the molten pools. In addition, in heat-treated conditions, AM maraging steel has combined oxide inclusions of Ti and Al (TiO2:Al2O3) that reside along the grain boundaries and secondary porosities; these may act as preferential zones for crack initiation and may increase the brittleness of the AM steel under aged conditions. Consequently, the elongation of the AM alloy was low (<3%) for both annealed and aged solution conditions. The tensile strength of AM M789 increased from 968 MPa (solution annealed) to 1500–1600 MPa after the aging process due to precipitation within the intermetallic η-phase. A tensile strength and yield point of 1607 ± 26 and 1617 ± 45 MPa were obtained, respectively, after a full heat treatment at 500 °C/6 h. The results show that 3 h aging of solution annealed AM M789 steel achieves satisfactory material properties in industrial practice. Extending the aging time of printed parts to 6 h yields slightly improved properties but may not be worth the effort, while long-term aging (9 h) was shown to even reduce quality.

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“…The manufacture of parts via the SLM method that includes such steel powders have adequate strength, plasticity, and wear strength when the heat treatment includes ageing. Those issues that are related to the strength of DIN X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5 steel powders, thermal processing parameters, and microstructure have been the subject of a number of studies and publications [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Applying a conformal mould or a mould core-cooling system allows for much better control of the alloy crystallization and cast solidification processes when compared to traditional solutions [ 32 ]; in this way, it is possible to have control over the microstructure, porosity, and strength properties of a cast element.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape-Dependent Strength of Al Si9Cu3FeZn Die-Cast Alloy in Impact Zone of Conformal Cooling Core

2022

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This article presents the results of shape-dependent strength analyses in die-castings from traditional (straight-drilled) and conformal core-cooling moulds. Cores with a traditional cooling layout were made of H13 steel using machining, and the working sections of the conformal cores were made using the selective laser melting method (SLM). Two series of casts were produced in the same mould. For Series A, the mould was fitted with traditional cooling cores, and for Series B, the same mould was fitted with conformal ones. The cast specimens were subjected to two weeks of natural ageing. The strength testing of the casts determined the levels of the destructive forces. The destructive forces in the core-cooling impact zones were approximately 28% higher in the B samples than they were in the A samples. The impact of the alloy’s porosity, density, and microstructure on the strengths of the casts was demonstrated. The alloy densities in the central (broken-off) fragments of the casts from Series A were 2.6646 g/cm3; these were 2.6791 g/cm3 in the cases of casts from Series B. The values of the secondary dendrite arm space (SDAS) ranged from 6 to 13 μm in the analysed cross-section of the set of the A casts, and between 3 and 12 μm in the same zone of the set of the B casts. The results of the experimental determinations of the casts porosity levels and SDAS parameters were compared with the results of numerical simulations that were carried out in ProCAST software.

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Use of Maraging Steel 1.2709 for Implementing Parts of Pressure Mold Devices with Conformal Cooling System

Cited by 24 publications

References 32 publications

Annealing Response of Additively Manufactured High-Strength 1.2709 Maraging Steel Depending on Elevated Temperatures

Annealing Response of Additively Manufactured High-Strength 1.2709 Maraging Steel Depending on Elevated Temperatures

Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Novel Co-Free Maraging Steel M789 Prepared by Additive Manufacturing

Shape-Dependent Strength of Al Si9Cu3FeZn Die-Cast Alloy in Impact Zone of Conformal Cooling Core

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