“…The search for suitable materials which can induce and control nucleation of a wide variety of proteins, has been ongoing for over 30 years and a variety of approaches have been used to promote and control nucleation to obtain diffraction quality protein crystals [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] . These approaches include the effects of epitaxy, surface morphology, disordered porosity, surface roughness and surface chemistry, as well as the use of various crystalline and amorphous miscellaneous material 7,10,11,13,[16][17][18][19][20] . This work has offered little in terms of systematic methodological understanding, and most studies have been highly empirical in their approach.…”