Use of Ionic Liquids for π-Conjugated Polymer Electrochemical Devices

Li, Wen; Fadeev, Andrei G.; Qi, Baohua; Smela, Elisabeth; Mattes, Benjamin R.; Ding, Jie; Spinks, Geoffrey M.; Mazurkiewicz, J.; Zhou, Dezhi; Wallace, Gordon G.; MacFarlane, Douglas R.; Forsyth, Stewart A.; Forsyth, Maria

doi:10.1126/science.1072651

Cited by 1,148 publications

(712 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Ideal electrolytes should possess high ionic conductivity (>10 -4 S/cm), large electrochemical windows (>1 V) over which the electrolyte is neither reduced nor oxidized, fast ion mobility during redox reactions (>10 -14 m 2 /V·s), and low volatility (56). Indeed, ILs exhibit many of these properties and characteristics.…”

Section: Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When IL-based electrolyte solutions were used, -conjugated polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene) were reported to have long periods of stability and robustness for electrochemical mechanical actuators, electrochromic windows, and numeric displays (56). Slower ion insertion kinetics and gradual deswelling were observed for poly[3-(4-fluorophenyl)thiophene] when this electroactive polymer was produced in a pure IL rather than tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate and acetonitrile (61).…”

Section: Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry

Anderson¹,

Armstrong²,

Wei³

2006

Anal. Chem.

487

326

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oom-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), also known as liquid organic, molten, or fused salts, are a class of nonmolecular ionic solvents with low melting points. The accepted definition of an RTIL is any salt that has a melting point lower than ambient temperature (1). However, "ionic liquid" (IL) is often applied to any compound that has a melting point <100°C. Most common RTILs are composed of unsymmetrically substituted nitrogen-containing cations (e.g., imidazole, pyrrolidine, pyridine) with inorganic anions (e.g., Cl -, PF 6 -, BF 4 -). ILs are also interesting because of their other useful and intriguing physicochemical properties. Wilkes et al. first reported ambient-temperature ILs based on the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cation in 1982 (2). Since then, many ILs containing a variety of cations and anions of different sizes have been synthesized to provide specific characteristics.Over the past few years, research and applications of ILs have expanded tremendously. The initial impetuses for this expansion were organic synthesis and the growth of green chemistry. In this article, we will give an overview of the structure and properties of ILs and describe their expanding use in various applications in separations and chromatography, MS, spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Description and propertiesILs have negligible vapor pressures at room temperature, possess a wide range of viscosities, can be custom-synthesized to be miscible or immiscible, often have high stability, and are capable of un-

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Section: Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry

Anderson¹,

Armstrong²,

Wei³

2006

Anal. Chem.

487

326

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“…The actuation mechanism of PANI fibres with ionic liquids does not involve the loss or gain of solvated protons; thus, the authors did not observe a pH dependence toward actuation. Charge/discharge measurements showed that the reduction rate is faster than the oxidation in this electrolyte [105,106].…”

Section: Linear Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This worked for 10 000 redox cycles without losing any strain or stress. This represents an advantage of ionic liquids with respect to both aqueous and organic electrolytes [105].…”

Section: Linear Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This actuator with yarn shape was operated in (BMIM + )(BF 4 -) and had a better performance compared with a single PANI fibre-actuator working in the same media at lower cycling potentials: the linear strain was almost 4 times higher than of a single PANI fibre, and the force generated for the yarn was 5.6 times of that of a single fibre. According to the authors, this can be due to the increase of charge injection obtained by cycling to higher potentials [105].…”

Section: Linear Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Cortés

Moreno

2003

E-Polymers

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Natural muscles have mechanical properties that conventional actuators do not possess. These natural machines show large strain, moderate stress, high efficiency and stability, fast response time, high power/weight ratio, long lifetime, etc. In the last years a great interest has arisen to develop materials that mimic natural mechanisms. Conducting polymers have an array of potential applications as artificial muscles since they are capable to produce a moderate displacement when submitted to an electrochemical reaction. This property has been used to fabricate actuator devices that imitate and even improve the performance of natural muscles. For example, conducting polymers show stresses 15 times higher than those generated by mammalian muscles, a high power/weight ratio and a high degree of compliance. However, there are also several responses that need improvement in the actuators based on conducting polymers. Strains are still c. 50% lower than in natural muscles. Most of this kind of actuators only work in liquid media. It is necessary to increase the response time and obtain more durable actuators with longer lifetime and higher stability. In spite of these disadvantages, the first actuators based on conducting polymers are being commercialized. This paper presents a brief summary of some of the actuators based on these polymers, focusing on their design, performance and actuation mechanism.

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Ionic Liquids

Stark¹,

Seddon²

2007

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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This article deals with the literature on ionic liquids, with the focus on nomenclature, preparation, and handling of the second‐generation ionic liquids. In the older (and some current) literature, ionic liquids are sometimes called liquid organic salts, fused salts, molten salts, ionic melts, NAILs (nonaqueous ionic liquids), room‐temperature ionic liquids, OILs (organic ionic liquids) and ionic fluids. Their most prominent feature, namely the potential of tuning their physical properties to suit a particular application, is discussed in detail. In addition, areas in which ionic liquids are already applied, and in which their properties promise favorable application in transition‐metal catalyzed reactions, are reviewed. In recent years, many ionic liquids have emerged as environmentally benign alternatives to volatile organic compounds (VOCs, such as trichloromethane, ethanenitrile and dimethylmethanamide), which cause emissions and effectively damage the ecological balance. The merit of ionic liquids, in this respect, is their negligibly small vapor pressure; therefore they are easily retained in a process. This concept has been realized, especially in preparative chemistry, as shown in many examples in this article: when used as solvents in catalytic processes, separation of the solvent (and the catalyst) from the product is facilitated, and recycling is easily possible.

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Use of Ionic Liquids for π-Conjugated Polymer Electrochemical Devices

Cited by 1,148 publications

References 31 publications

Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry

Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry

Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Ionic Liquids

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