Use of inoculants to refine weld solidification structure and improve weldability in type 2090 AlLi alloy

Ram, G.D. Janaki; Mitra, T. K.; Raju, M.; Sundaresan, S.

doi:10.1016/s0921-5093(99)00515-8

Cited by 31 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The use of inoculants to promote grain refinement during fusion welding has been widely studied in the last decades [126,214,215]. These inoculants, if are not dissolved by the liquid metal are favorable nucleation sites which can assist in the refinement process.…”

Section: Use Of Grain Refiners or Filler Materials To Control The Micmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

Oliveira

Santos

Miranda

2020

Progress in Materials Science

459

134

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Additive manufacturing technologies based on melting and solidification have considerable similarities with fusion-based welding technologies, either by electric arc or high-power beams. However, several concepts are being introduced in additive manufacturing which have been extensively used in multipass arc welding with filler material. Therefore, clarification of fundamental definitions is important to establish a common background between welding and additive manufacturing research communities. This paper aims to review these concepts, highlighting the distinctive characteristics of fusion welding that can be embraced by additive manufacturing, namely the nature of rapid thermal cycles associated to small size and localized heat sources, the non-equilibrium nature of rapid solidification and its effects on: internal defects formation, phase transformations, residual stresses and distortions. Concerning process optimization, distinct criteria are proposed based on geometric, energetic and thermal considerations, allowing to determine an upper bound limit for the optimum hatch distance during additive manufacturing. Finally, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed. This equation enables to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

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Section: Use Of Grain Refiners or Filler Materials To Control The Micmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

Oliveira

Santos

Miranda

2020

Progress in Materials Science

459

134

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In contrast, thermodynamic simulations (see Figure 2) have already shown that grain refinement in ER2319 is promoted owing to the presence of more grain-refining elements. A smaller grain size due to the addition of grain-refining elements [29] or lower heat input [38] generally reduces the risk of hot cracking. Hence, alloy ER2319 indicates a more favourable microstructure to mitigate hot cracking and for AA2024 at low heat input in (c) and (d), and high heat input in (g) and (h).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The difference in simulations is due to a higher proportion of Ti, Zr, and V. These elements show a high growth restriction factor (GRF) [28], which may have an influence on the microstructural formation. Especially Ti and Zr can potentially cause a finer grain structure in the weld metal of ER2319 compared with AA2024, which can reduce the hot cracking susceptibility of the alloy [29]. Full solidification is achieved at 500°C for AA2024 at the solidus temperature, which is nearly 50°C lower than for ER2319.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of structural modifications on cold-formed AA2024 substrates by wire arc additive manufacturing

Silmbroth

Enzinger

Schneider-Bröskamp

et al. 2023

Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

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Wire arc additive manufacturing, employing conventional fusion welding processes, shows excellent versatility and can therefore be used for structural modifications of existing parts to create hybrid components. This study evaluates the modification of cold-formed AA2024 metal sheets with 2xxx filler metals to produce 2xxx hybrid structures. The alloys are investigated by thermodynamic simulations and the solidification crack susceptibility is assessed by calculating the index for hot cracking susceptibility. Using cold metal transfer, single-layer depositions are generated on profile sheets after which the specimens are characterised by three analysis procedures: metallographic analysis, chemical analysis, and hardness testing. Results indicate that AA2024 wire material, although generally considered difficult to weld, is more suitable for the additive modification of AA2024 sheets and profiles, as crack-free specimens can be deposited on cold-formed substrates.

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“…StJohn and Easton demonstrated that even a small addition of 0.05 wt-% Ti solute to cast aluminium refined the grain size by over fivefold. Thus, the alloy constitution of Al 2319, which contains sufficient Ti solute necessary for effective grain refinement (between 0.1 and 0.2 wt-%), is particularly promising for WAAM and explains why good hot-crack resistance has been reported in this alloy given that grain refinement reduces the susceptibility of Al alloys to hot cracking [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the grain refinement mechanisms in aluminium 2319 alloy produced by wire arc additive manufacturing

Mclean

Bermingham

Colegrove³

et al. 2022

Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

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Controlling the grain size and morphology during fusion-based additive manufacturing remains a challenge for many alloys. This work investigates Titanium diboride (TiB 2 ) nucleant particle addition to the high strength Aluminium 2319 alloy produced during wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Two Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) processing conditions are explored (low heat input CMT and high heat input CMT) and the effectiveness of the grain refiner is studied. The addition of TiB 2 is found to refine the average equiaxed grain size by up to 22% compared to the non-inoculated alloy. The Interdependence Model is applied to understand the grain refinement mechanisms occurring in low heat input AM technologies in alloys containing powerful growth restricting solutes such as Al 2319.

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Use of inoculants to refine weld solidification structure and improve weldability in type 2090 AlLi alloy

Cited by 31 publications

References 6 publications

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice

Characterisation of structural modifications on cold-formed AA2024 substrates by wire arc additive manufacturing

Understanding the grain refinement mechanisms in aluminium 2319 alloy produced by wire arc additive manufacturing

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