Use of in vitro methodology to predict the irritancy potential of surfactants

Hubbard, Aaron; Moore, Lindsey; Clothier, Richard H.; Sulley, H.; Rollin, K.A.

doi:10.1016/0887-2333(94)90044-2

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Mictrotox testing. Microtox TM is a bacterial toxicity test that has been used to predict skin sensitivity response (harshness) (29,30). The method, prescribed by Azur Environmental, Inc. (Carlsbad, CA), utilizes the luminescence response of the test organism Vibrio fischeri.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partially saponified triglyceride ethoxylates

Cox

Weerassoriya

2000

J Surfact & Detergents

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Various triglycerides (coconut oil, palm kernel oil, tallow) were ethoxylated with a proprietary catalyst (calcium/aluminum alkoxide complex partially neutralized in an alcohol ethoxylate base) to obtain triglyceride ethoxylates. Triglyceride ethoxylates were then partially saponified with sodium hydroxide to form mixtures of mono-, di-, and triglyceride ethoxylates, fatty acid soap, and glycerol ethoxylate. These mixtures were characterized in terms of physical properties, surface activity, and mildness. Partially saponified triglyceride ethoxylates were found to be unexpectedly mild and capable of imparting mildness to other surfactants.Paper no. S1157 in JSD 3, 213-220 (April 2000).Ethoxylation is the most common method for adding a nonionic hydrophile to an organic hydrophobe. Prior to 1989, substrates suitable for ethoxylation were thought to require a labile hydrogen, most commonly a hydroxyl hydrogen, in order for ethoxylation to occur. In the late 1980s, the concept of ethoxylating esters was introduced by Hoechst and Henkel (1,2). Hoechst demonstrated that ethoxylation of esters was feasible using catalysts based on alkali and alkali earth metals (e.g., sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, barium hydroxide, etc.), while Henkel showed that calcined hydrotalcite (aluminum/magnesium oxide complexes) had potential as well. Relatively poor reactivities and conversions, however, prevented these catalysts from being utilized commercially. In the early 1990s, Vista Chemical Company (now CON-DEA Vista Company, Houston, TX) developed a commercially viable process for ethoxylating esters (3). Their process utilized a more complex alkoxylation catalyst (activated calcium and aluminum alkoxides) that efficiently and effectively inserted ethylene oxide between the carbonyl carbon and the ester oxygen. Immediately thereafter, Lion Corporation (Tokyo, Japan) demonstrated that a magnesium/aluminum oxide-based catalyst also worked well (4). Since then, the development and use of ester alkoxylates have become an active area of research (5-22). This paper deals with an extension of ester alkoxylation technology. Previous studies have demonstrated that the CONDEA Vista catalyst (a calcium and aluminum alkoxide complex partially neutralized in an alcohol ethoxylate base) can be used to ethoxylate esters, including triglycerides (5,13-16). It is also known that mono-and diglyceride ethoxylates are mild surfactants (23). The object of this research was first to prepare triglyceride ethoxylates and then partially saponify them to obtain a mild surfactant blend of mono-, di-, and triglyceride ethoxylates and fatty acid soap. It was thought that such a blend would make a lower-cost surfactant for mild personal-wash bars, pastes, and gels. This paper details our initial studies on partially saponified triglyceride ethoxylates (PSTE). It describes the preparation and cursory assessment of PSTE made from three different triglycerides. The impacts of surfactant structure (carbon chain length, unsaturation, degree of ethoxylation, degre...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partially saponified triglyceride ethoxylates

Cox

Weerassoriya

2000

J Surfact & Detergents

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“…Another interesting comparison was carried out between the effects of anions and cations of metals and their softness parameter, as a basis for predicting the adverse effects of metals in vivo (3). A number of series of chemicals, related by physicochemical properties or function, have been tested, including acids, alcohols, antibiotics and organic solvents (17), short-lived metabolites (21,22), surfactants (18), and volatile materials (26), and the first 50 MEIC chemicals (21), now plus 23 of the second 25 MEIC chemicals. One conclusion from these various studies is that comparisons within groups of related chemicals/formulations are more predictive of in vivo toxicity than an overall comparison.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The FRAME Alternatives Laboratory Database. 1. In Vitro Basal Cytotoxicity determined by the Kenacid Blue Total Protein Assay

et al. 2006

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A database of over 280 chemicals has been compiled by using a mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblast-like cell line in exponential growth, exposed to chemicals for 72 hours in a 96-well tissue culture plate format, and determining cell number via the Kenacid blue (KB) assay for total protein. Ranking the chemicals according to their basal cytotoxicity, expressed as the concentration (mM) that inhibits increase in total cellular protein over 72 hours by 50% (the ID50 value) shows a wide range of ID50 values, from 0.00003mM to 10,096mM. This information includes the results for MEIC chemicals 1–50, and we have now added basal cytotoxicity data for 23 of the next 25 MEIC chemicals. When the neutral red uptake (NRU) assay was performed with the same cell cultures, before the KB assay, very similar indications of basal cytotoxicity were obtained. Comparisons between the results with 3T3-L1 cells and with a human fibroblast-like cell line, BCL-D1 showed a significant difference in order of magnitude of the ID50 value for only 5 of 52 chemicals. However, there was a difference in ID50 value of more than one order of magnitude for 8 of 24 chemicals tested with an undifferentiated teratocarcinoma cell line, F9.

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“…result in a high rate of fluorescein leakage. The amount of fluorescein leakage does not correlate well with the degree of cell loss following surfactant treatment (12,17). It was observed that, in both of the media, the effectiveness of the barrier function meant that leakage was as low as 6% of the maximum across the insert membrane with no cells, a criterion employed to define an acceptable barrier function in MDCK cells (12,18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several techniques have been proposed to replace the Draize eye test, as recently reviewed (3,4), including the use of corneal epithelial cells (5-7) associated with specific assays, for example the fluorescein leakage assay (8)(9)(10), the resazurin reduction assay (11)(12)(13), and assays for glutathione (14) and total cellular protein (such as, the kenacid blue assay [15,16]). These are designed to evaluate both function/activity and viability on exposure to chemicals, and subsequent recovery from insult (17,18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of an Animal Product Free Medium and Normal Growth Supplement on the Growth and Barrier Integrity of a Human Corneal Epithelial Cell Line

Wilkinson

Clothier

2005

Altern Lab Anim

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With the development of defined media for general and specific use with cell cultures, and concern over the use of human cells and over potential prion infections associated with growth factor extracts such as bovine pituitary extract, an animal product-free medium has become available. The basic keratinocyte defined medium can be used with a choice of animal product-containing or animal product-free supplements. Human corneal epithelia cell lines were cultured in the media with these two types of supplement, and compared in terms of their growth rates, their capacity to form tight barriers, and calcium regulation of the location of a junction-associated protein, zonula occludins-1 (ZO-1). The growth rates were not different in the two media, as long as the recommended coating was applied to the culture flask for the animal product-free medium. The barrier function was equally effective for confluent cultures seeded at the same densities. A calcium concentration of 100μM or above resulted in ZO-1 localisation at the cell membrane in either medium. Hence, cultures in the media are comparable, when the coating is employed. Further experiments are being conducted to establish the comparability of responses to chronic treatment with surfactants.

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Use of in vitro methodology to predict the irritancy potential of surfactants

Cited by 18 publications

References 4 publications

Partially saponified triglyceride ethoxylates

Partially saponified triglyceride ethoxylates

The FRAME Alternatives Laboratory Database. 1. In Vitro Basal Cytotoxicity determined by the Kenacid Blue Total Protein Assay

Comparison of an Animal Product Free Medium and Normal Growth Supplement on the Growth and Barrier Integrity of a Human Corneal Epithelial Cell Line

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