Use of immunotherapy with programmed cell death 1 vs programmed cell death ligand 1 in renal cell carcinoma: Lessons from CheckMate 9ER and IMmotion 151

Adjuvant immunotherapy in patients with renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis

“…24 In contrast, while anti-PD-L1 antibodies inhibit the binding of PD-1 to PD-L1, the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L2 remains intact, potentially inhibiting T cell activation, 24,26 with PD-L2 possibly contributing to the oncological and immunological escape of RCC when only the PD-1 ligand is targeted by ICIs. 27,28 Second, anti-PD-L1 antibodies may exert weaker antitumor effects by acting not only on PD-L1-expressing tumor cells but also on other PD-L1-expressing cells, thus allowing PD-L1 expressed in tumor cells to bind to PD-1 on intact effector T cells. [29][30][31] Third, anti-PD-L1 antibody binding to PD-L1 expressed on immune cells may lead to enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity that targets immune cells.…”

Differences in oncological and toxicity outcomes between programmed cell death-1 and programmed cell death ligand-1 inhibitors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…PD-L2 expression has also been identified as a significant factor in predicting the survival benefits of ICI-based treatments, independent of PD-L1 expression [30,32]. PD-L2 could contribute to the oncological and immunological escape of RCC when only the PD-1 ligand is targeted by ICIs [3,33].…”

“…The PD-L1/PD-1 pathway is of utmost importance in mRCC [3]. Nevertheless, despite the general enthusiasm for these combination therapies, some discrepancies between anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 regimens have emerged.…”

Novel targets for refractory kidney cancer: Where are we heading?

“…Immunotherapies such as programmed death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors are already playing a central role in mRCC treatment. 17,18 But with the rising interest in combination immunotherapies, the need to develop new immune pathways inhibitors to prevent tumor evasion is a must. Two novel immune drug classes have been developed to this extent: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and adenosine 2 A receptor (A2AR) inhibitors.…”