Use of hydrocarbons as drop-in replacements for HCFC-22 in on-farm milk cooling equipment

Cleland, Donald J.; Keedwell, R.W.; Adams, Sarah

doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2009.02.004

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…These performance problems are common in Sardinian sheep dairy farms (diagnosed in 22% of the sample) and do not seem to be related to the age of the MCSs, showing that even old refrigerating systems can work properly with regular maintenance. The refilling of the refrigerant brings the refrigerating circuit back to a good efficiency and decreases the energy consumption up to 8%, especially if replaced with a mixture of propane and ethane [25]. The BII class MCSs that received a refilling (tank Nos.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Energy Utilization Index in Sheep Milk Cooling Systems

et al. 2020

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The energy consumption of sheep milk cooling systems (MCSs) was quantified in this study to provide original information filling a literature gap on the impact of sheep milk cooling on the energy and economic balance in dairy farms. Performance and energy monitoring tests were conducted simultaneously on 22 MCSs in Sardinia (Italy). The results determined the cooling time as a function of the performance class and number of milkings. The Energy Utilization Index (EUI) was applied to measure the energy required to cool down the milk and estimate the incidence on its price. The average EUI was 1.76 kWh 100 L−1 for two-milkings and 2.43 kWh 100 L−1 for four-milkings MCSs, whereas the CO2 emissions ranged from 998 to 1378 g CO2 100 L−1 for two- and four-milkings MCSs, respectively. The estimated energy consumption for the storage of refrigerated sheep milk was 0.12 kWh 100 L−1. The malfunctioning MCSs averagely consumed 31% more energy than regular systems. The energy cost for cooling accounted for 0.61% on the current sheep milk price in Italy. Based on the analysis, the reported EUI values can be used as a preliminary indicator of the regular operation of MCSs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Energy Utilization Index in Sheep Milk Cooling Systems

et al. 2020

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“…The use of phase-change materials for low temperature thermal energy storage is another area of research (Oro, et al 2012a(Oro, et al , 2012b(Oro, et al , 2014, while drop-in replacements for HCFCs in on-farm milking equipment has also been investigated (Cleland et al, 2009).…”

Section: Research Related To the Cold Chainmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cold chain in New Zealand – A review

Carson

East

2018

International Journal of Refrigeration

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 An estimated 60 % of food are exports are exported in the refrigerated state.  New Zealand food exports form part of some of the longest cold chains in the world.  Currently, the major research theme related to the cold-chain in New Zealand is focussed around optimising chilling and freezing processes for shelf-life extension. Improving energy efficiency in refrigeration processes is also a significant research theme.

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“…The compressor discharge temp of R432A is 14.1-17.3ºC lower than that of R22 whereas the amount of charge for R432A is 50% lower than that of R22 due to its low density. Cleland et al [88] conducted experimental studies on an on-farm milk cooling working with Care-50 [a mixture of propane (R-290) and ethane (R-170)] as an alternative to R22. It was reported that Care-50 reduced energy use by 6-8% and had similar system cooling capacity relative to HCFC-22.…”

Section: Refrigerant Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Refrigerants for HCFC 22—a Review

Kalla¹

2018

Journal of Thermal Engineering

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The aim of this paper is to determine the best available alternative which could replace existing refrigerant R22, with minimum or no changes in the air conditioning system. For this purpose, both the theoretical as well as experimental studies done in this area of research have been reviewed. The most popular HFC, R410A is having lower critical temperature, which restricts its usage in compression based systems working at higher condensing temperatures whereas for R407C, a change to synthetic lubricant is required and HC-290 is flammable. It is suggested that until the safety issue of use of hydrocarbon refrigerants in quantities exceeding 500gm is resolved, we should go for those mixtures of HFCs and HCs for which TEWI index is the lowest.

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Use of hydrocarbons as drop-in replacements for HCFC-22 in on-farm milk cooling equipment

Cited by 19 publications

References 4 publications

Evaluation of the Energy Utilization Index in Sheep Milk Cooling Systems

Evaluation of the Energy Utilization Index in Sheep Milk Cooling Systems

The cold chain in New Zealand – A review

Alternative Refrigerants for HCFC 22—a Review

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