“…Aquaporins of bacterial origin, such as AqpZ from E. coli , can be produced at relatively high expression levels to be incorporated in lipid (Li et al 2012 ) or lipid-like biomimetic block copolymers (Kumar et al 2007 ) for reduction of energy requirements, enhancing water transport rates and solute rejection. While E. coli AqpZ is by far the most commonly used aquaporin in desalination membranes, other microbial aquaporins such as H. elongata Aqp (Çalıcıoğlu et al 2018 ) and Photobacterium profundum SS9 Aqp (Wei et al 2017 ) have been evaluated for desalination membrane systems yielding a similar water filtration and solute rejection performance.…”
“…The transporters which do not need energy usually transport water or ions. E. coli GlpF glycerol channel (Sweet et al 1990 ), aquaporins of many different bacteria such as E. coli Aqp Z(Calamita et al 1995 ) and Halomonas elongata (Çalıcıoğlu et al 2018 ) and nitrite/formate transporters from various bacteria including S. typhumirium and E. coli (Rycovska et al 2012 ; Yılmaz et al 2023 ) can be given as examples to these facilitated transport proteins. The nitrite transporter (NirC), the formate efflux transporter (FocA), and other members of the formate-nitrite transporter (FNT) family found in bacteria, archaea, and yeasts are categorized under α- type channels.…”
Because of the hydrophobic nature of the membrane lipid bilayer, the majority of the hydrophilic solutes require special transportation mechanisms for passing through the cell membrane. Integral membrane transport proteins (MTPs), which belong to the Major Intrinsic Protein Family, facilitate the transport of these solutes across cell membranes. MTPs including aquaporins and carrier proteins are transmembrane proteins spanning across the cell membrane. The easy handling of microorganisms enabled the discovery of a remarkable number of transport proteins specific to different substances. It has been realized that these transporters have very important roles in the survival of microorganisms, their pathogenesis, and antimicrobial resistance. Astonishing features related to the solute specificity of these proteins have led to the acceleration of the research on the discovery of their properties and the development of innovative products in which these unique properties are used or imitated. Studies on microbial MTPs range from the discovery and characterization of a novel transporter protein to the mining and screening of them in a large transporter library for particular functions, from simulations and modeling of specific transporters to the preparation of biomimetic synthetic materials for different purposes such as biosensors or filtration membranes. This review presents recent discoveries on microbial membrane transport proteins and focuses especially on formate nitrite transport proteins and aquaporins, and advances in their biotechnological applications.
“…Aquaporins of bacterial origin, such as AqpZ from E. coli , can be produced at relatively high expression levels to be incorporated in lipid (Li et al 2012 ) or lipid-like biomimetic block copolymers (Kumar et al 2007 ) for reduction of energy requirements, enhancing water transport rates and solute rejection. While E. coli AqpZ is by far the most commonly used aquaporin in desalination membranes, other microbial aquaporins such as H. elongata Aqp (Çalıcıoğlu et al 2018 ) and Photobacterium profundum SS9 Aqp (Wei et al 2017 ) have been evaluated for desalination membrane systems yielding a similar water filtration and solute rejection performance.…”
“…The transporters which do not need energy usually transport water or ions. E. coli GlpF glycerol channel (Sweet et al 1990 ), aquaporins of many different bacteria such as E. coli Aqp Z(Calamita et al 1995 ) and Halomonas elongata (Çalıcıoğlu et al 2018 ) and nitrite/formate transporters from various bacteria including S. typhumirium and E. coli (Rycovska et al 2012 ; Yılmaz et al 2023 ) can be given as examples to these facilitated transport proteins. The nitrite transporter (NirC), the formate efflux transporter (FocA), and other members of the formate-nitrite transporter (FNT) family found in bacteria, archaea, and yeasts are categorized under α- type channels.…”
Because of the hydrophobic nature of the membrane lipid bilayer, the majority of the hydrophilic solutes require special transportation mechanisms for passing through the cell membrane. Integral membrane transport proteins (MTPs), which belong to the Major Intrinsic Protein Family, facilitate the transport of these solutes across cell membranes. MTPs including aquaporins and carrier proteins are transmembrane proteins spanning across the cell membrane. The easy handling of microorganisms enabled the discovery of a remarkable number of transport proteins specific to different substances. It has been realized that these transporters have very important roles in the survival of microorganisms, their pathogenesis, and antimicrobial resistance. Astonishing features related to the solute specificity of these proteins have led to the acceleration of the research on the discovery of their properties and the development of innovative products in which these unique properties are used or imitated. Studies on microbial MTPs range from the discovery and characterization of a novel transporter protein to the mining and screening of them in a large transporter library for particular functions, from simulations and modeling of specific transporters to the preparation of biomimetic synthetic materials for different purposes such as biosensors or filtration membranes. This review presents recent discoveries on microbial membrane transport proteins and focuses especially on formate nitrite transport proteins and aquaporins, and advances in their biotechnological applications.
“…Along with few other types of aquaporin, AqpZ can be reconstituted into self-assembled amphiphilic liposomes or polymersomes polymer vesicles to ease the immobilization within porous membrane support without compromising their functional ternary and quaternary structure. [117,118] Górecki et al introduced AqpZ-polymersomes, which was reconstituted through bulk hydration method, into the selective layer of RO membranes. [119] The polymersomes took part in the interfacial polymerization reaction through their amino-terminated chains and facilitated water transport through the hollow nanostructures immobilized within the selective layer.…”
With the change in climate patterns, rapid industrialization, and population growth, the increasing water and energy demand became a major concern in the past decades. Desalination has been touted as the answer to the global water crisis, due to its capability in producing high‐quality fresh water from saline water. The continual research and innovations in the desalination field have resulted in the commercialization of large‐scale desalination in many water scarce regions. In the energetic context, all desalination processes are energy intensive. With the necessity to make desalination a more affordable and sustainable process, the energy efficiency of desalination is becoming an important topic. Herein, it is aimed to provide insights into the recent efforts and strategies established to tackle the energy‐related issues of both, thermal‐based and membrane‐based desalination processes. Depending on the principle of various commercial and emerging desalination processes, the directions of energy efficiency improvements, which include operating condition optimization, high‐performance material development, and renewable energy exploitation are discussed. The ideas and strategies reviewed herein, whether in their implementation or theoretical stage, are expected to provide insights into the possible improvement for application in commercial desalination plants.
“…This knowledge is exquisitely important for the design of artificial channels [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] in material science, where the selectivity and permeability mechanism of AQPs serve as template to design artificial water channels envisioned to be used in next generation membrane-based separations and purifications. Similarly, AQPs [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] itself or carbon nanotubes 36 are envisioned as building blocks of biomimetic membranes. These highly permeable pore structures are envisioned to determine membrane performance, selectivity and functionality.…”
The endeavors to understand the determinants of water permeation through membrane channels, the effect of the lipid or polymer membrane on channel function, the development of specific water flow inhibitors,...
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