Use of green alternative solvents in dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction: A review

Abstract

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction is one of the most widely used microextraction techniques currently in the Analytical Chemistry field, mainly due to its simplicity and rapidity. The operational mode of this approach has been constantly changing since its introduction, adapting to new trends and applications.Most of these changes are related to the nature of the solvent employed for the microextraction. From the classical halogenated solvents (e.g., chloroform or dichloromethane), different alternatives have been proposed in order to obtain safer and non-pollutants microextraction applications. In this sense, low density solvents, such as alkanols, switchable hydrophobicity solvents and ionic liquids were the first and most popular replacements for halogenated solvents, which provided similar or better results than these classical dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction solvents.However, despite the good performances obtained with low density solvents and

Nanoextraction based on surface nanodroplets for chemical preconcentration and determination

“…Recently, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has received great attention because of its rapid and efficient extraction. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] DLLME is a spontaneous emulsification technique based on a ternary mixture containing dispersive solvent, extractant, and aqueous sample solution. 24,25 The formation of extractant microdroplets increases the interfacial mass transfer of the analytes, leading to increased extraction efficiency.…”

Supramolecular solvents based on quaternary ammonium salts and perfluorinated compounds for dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of phthalates

“…In this application, Ballesteros-Gómez et al [9] used a SUPRA phase formed by decanoic acid and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as coacervation agent for the determination of benzo[a]pyrene, bisphenol A, and ochratoxin from beverages. Since then, a lot of works have been published on the use of SUPRA solvents in DLLME [10]. However, most of the works published employed similar approach-es, using alkanoic acids (i.e.…”

Application of phosphonium deep eutectic solvents as extractants in ultrasound‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for preconcentration of trace amounts of herbicides in drainage ditches waters

“…In order to separate the extractant containing analytes from the sample solution, the phases are centrifuged and a drop of extractant is collected from the bottom or above the surface of the sample by employing a microsyringe or by decantation. The sep-arated analytes can then be determined, for example, by chromatography techniques [21][22][23].…”

“…In addition to the use of organic extractants, e.g. toluene, tetrachlorethylene, 1-octanol, also ionic liquids (ILs), and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are used, which in most cases belong to "green solvents" [23]. To support the dispersion of the extracting solvent the sample may be treated by using an ultrasonic bath or additional shaking [24].…”