Use of Gas Chromatography to Quantify Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Serum, Colonic Luminal Content and Feces of Mice

Ribeiro, Willian R.; Vinolo, Marco Aurélio Ramirez; Calixto, Leandro Augusto; Ferreira, Caroline M.

doi:10.21769/bioprotoc.3089

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…Nevertheless, the use of GC-MS is more analytical rather preparative. However, GC-MS provides overall insights on fatty acids in the mixture [153,155].…”

Section: Short Chain Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postbiotics-parabiotics: the new horizons in microbial biotherapy and functional foods

et al. 2020

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Probiotics have several health benefits by modulating gut microbiome; however, techno-functional limitations such as viability controls have hampered their full potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Therefore, the focus is gradually shifting from viable probiotic bacteria towards non-viable paraprobiotics and/or probiotics derived biomolecules, so-called postbiotics. Paraprobiotics and postbiotics are the emerging concepts in the functional foods field because they impart an array of health-promoting properties. Although, these terms are not well defined, however, for time being these terms have been defined as here. The postbiotics are the complex mixture of metabolic products secreted by probiotics in cell-free supernatants such as enzymes, secreted proteins, short chain fatty acids, vitamins, secreted biosurfactants, amino acids, peptides, organic acids, etc. While, the paraprobiotics are the inactivated microbial cells of probiotics (intact or ruptured containing cell components such as peptidoglycans, teichoic acids, surface proteins, etc.) or crude cell extracts (i.e. with complex chemical composition)". However, in many instances postbiotics have been used for whole category of postbiotics and parabiotics. These elicit several advantages over probiotics like; (i) availability in their pure form, (ii) ease in production and storage, (iii) availability of production process for industrial-scale-up, (iv) specific mechanism of action, (v) better accessibility of Microbes Associated Molecular Pattern (MAMP) during recognition and interaction with Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) and (vi) more likely to trigger only the targeted responses by specific ligand-receptor interactions. The current review comprehensively summarizes and discussed various methodologies implied to extract, purify, and identification of paraprobiotic and postbiotic compounds and their potential health benefits.

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“…Nevertheless, the use of GC-MS is more analytical rather preparative. However, GC-MS provides overall insights on fatty acids in the mixture [153,155].…”

Section: Short Chain Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postbiotics-parabiotics: the new horizons in microbial biotherapy and functional foods

et al. 2020

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“…The total analysis time of GC was 10.5 min in our study. It is much shorter than other reports, in which the shortest one was 13 min (Douny et al., 2019; Ribeiro, Vinolo, Calixto, & Ferreira, 2018), and most studies were about 20 to 30 min (Lucas et al., 2018; Minamoto et al., 2019). In addition, our study reduced the sample preparation time, which contributes to the majority of time saving.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Fast quantification of short‐chain fatty acids in rat plasma by gas chromatography

Wang

Chen

Tain

et al. 2020

Journal of Food Science

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Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites of the intestinal flora and play an important role in the interaction between the intestinal flora and host metabolism. Therefore, reliable methods are needed to accurately measure SCFAs concentrations. SCFAs are commonly analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), which requires lengthy sample treatments and a long run time. This study aimed to develop a fast GC method with formic acid pretreatment for SCFAs quantification in the plasma of rat. Baseline chromatographic resolution was achieved for three SCFAs (acetic, propionic, and butyric) within an analysis time of 10.5 min. The method exhibited good recovery for a wide range of concentrations with a low limit of detection for each compound. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of all targeted compounds showed good intra‐ and interday precision (<10%). We used our method to measure SCFAs levels in plasma samples from rats fed with a high fructose diet (HFD) to test the accuracy of the developed method. It was shown that SCFAs are indeed affected negatively by a HFD (60% fructose). This method was successfully employed to accurately determine SCFAs in the rat plasma with minimum sample preparation. Results showed potential damage of HFD, which produced lower SCFAs. Practical Application Increasingly, microbiota and gut health research are being conducted by many food scientists to elucidate the relationships among the factors of food components, particularly the nondigestible carbohydrates, food processing conditions, and potential health impact. This research provides a useful, rapid, and accurate method that can save time in the analysis of short‐chain fatty acids, which are commonly analyzed in gut health research.

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“…Serum SCFA concentrations were detected by gas chromatography. The treated serum samples were filtered through a 0.45 um microporous filter membrane and the content of SCFA was analyzed using a Clarus 680 GAS Chromatograph (PerkinElmer, Boston, MA, USA) [ 10 ]. Equipped with a 0.25 μm thick film was used (Elite-FFAP 30 m × 0.25 mm, flow rate 1 mL/min, carrier gas helium).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent research indicates that intestinal microflora disturbances are closely related to AD incidence [5,9]. The large intestines are the largest "bacteria depot" in the body and gut microbiota participates in regulating the systemic inflammatory response through the modulation of the production and/or removal of endotoxins and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) [5,10]. It takes a long time to establish the eubiosis in the intestinal mucosa with a balanced ecological environment and it is difficult to return a state of dysbiosis to gut microbiome eubiosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schizonepeta Tenuifolia with Alpinia Oxyphylla Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis and Improves the Gut Microbiome in Nc/Nga Mice

Zhang

Qiu

et al. 2020

Pharmaceutics

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that may be related to gut microbes. Schizonepeta Tenuifolia Briquet (STB) and Alpinia Oxyphylla Miquel (AOM) has traditionally been used for anti-inflammatory activity. We evaluated the effects of STB, AOM and STB+AOM extracts on 2,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD skin lesions in Nc/Nga mice and action mechanism was explored. AD lesions were induced in the dorsal skin of Nc/Nga mice by topical application of 1% followed by 0.2% DNCB. After DNCB was applied, the mice had topical applications of either 30% water, 0.01% dexamethasone, 30% STB, 30% AOM, 15% STB + 15% AOM extracts in butylene glycol (BG). Each group was also fed corresponding high-fat diets with 1% dextrin (AD-Con and AD-Positive), 1% STB (AD-STB), 1% AOM (AD-AOM) and 0.5% STB + 0.5% (AD-MIX). Normal-control mice had no DNCB application. The study evaluated the skin AD severity, scratching behavior and weight changes of AD mice for 5 weeks. Compared with AD-Con, AD-STB, AD-AOM and AD-MIX alleviated the clinical AD symptoms (erythema, pruritus, edema, erosion and lichenification and scratching behaviors), normalized immune chemistry (serum IgE concentration, mast cells and eosinophil infiltration), improved skin hyperplasia and enhanced the gut microbiome. AD-STB, AD-AOM, AD-MIX and AD-positive treatments inhibited cutaneous mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-13 and serum IgE concentrations. AD-MIX most effectively reduced clinical AD symptoms and proinflammatory cytokines. AD-Positive also reduced them but serum GOT and GPT concentrations were abnormally high. AD-STB and AD-MIX increased the alpha-diversity of fecal bacteria and reduced the serum acetate concentration, compared to the AD-Con. In conclusion, the mixture of STB and AOM is effective for treating AD symptoms locally and systemically without adverse effects and are potential interventions for atopic dermatitis.

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Use of Gas Chromatography to Quantify Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Serum, Colonic Luminal Content and Feces of Mice

Cited by 31 publications

References 16 publications

Postbiotics-parabiotics: the new horizons in microbial biotherapy and functional foods

Postbiotics-parabiotics: the new horizons in microbial biotherapy and functional foods

Fast quantification of short‐chain fatty acids in rat plasma by gas chromatography

Schizonepeta Tenuifolia with Alpinia Oxyphylla Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis and Improves the Gut Microbiome in Nc/Nga Mice

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