Use of filter carrier technique to measure the persistence of avian influenza viruses in wet environmental conditions

Nazir, Jawad; Haumacher, Renate; Abbas, Maha Diekan; Marschang, Rachel E.

doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.09.007

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In the previous study, the viruses were either suspended directly in the lake water or inoculated onto germ carriers as performed here (23,24). This shows that AIV can survive longer in lake sediments than in lake water, which is in accordance with previous findings, where larger amounts of enteric viruses were detected in polluted estuarine sediments than in the overlying seawater (12,17).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The germ carriers were prepared according to a previously described method (24). In short, the positively electrocharged Zeta Plus Virosorb 1MDS filters (Cuno, Meriden, CT) were cut to circular pieces of 15-mm diameter and sterilized by autoclaving.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After removal from the substrate, the germ carriers were placed in a petri dish, and the outer surface of the PCM was washed with sterile distilled water and wiped with tissue paper. Then, after the PCM was torn open, the filter discs were removed with sterile forceps and placed immediately in 2 ml of elution medium (2% beef extract and 0.5 M NaCl) with a pH 7.00 for influenza viruses and NDV and with a pH 8.5 for ECBO virus, as described previously (24). Elution media with germ carriers were subjected to ultrasonication in an ice bath (40 kHz; Bandelin Electronics, Berlin, Germany) for 5 min, centrifuged at 2,000 ϫ g for 15 min, and processed for virus titration on respective cells to measure the residual viral infectivity of the eluted virus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virus titrations were performed by endpoint serial dilution in 96-well microtitration plates as described earlier (24 ) was added to the wells with the cultured cells (4 wells per dilution step). For undiluted eluted virus, the wells were inoculated with 0.1 ml of the virus suspension and incubated at 37°C for 1 h; virus suspension was then removed and replaced by 0.1 ml maintenance medium, while cell control wells received 0.1 ml of maintenance medium.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Persistence of Avian Influenza Viruses in Lake Sediment, Duck Feces, and Duck Meat

Nazir

Haumacher

Ike

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The persistence of 3 low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) (H4N6, H5N1, and H6N8) and one human influenza virus (H1N1) as well as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and enteric cytopathogenic bovine orphan (ECBO) virus was investigated in lake sediment, duck feces, and duck meat at 30, 20, 10, and 0°C using a germ carrier technique. Virus-loaded germ carriers were incubated in each substrate, and residual infectivity of the eluted virus was quantified on cell culture after regular intervals for a maximum of 24 weeks. Data were analyzed by a linear regression model to calculate T 90 values (time required for 90% loss of virus infectivity) and estimated persistence of the viruses. In general, the persistence of all of the viruses was highest in lake sediment, followed by feces, and was the lowest in duck meat at all temperatures. For the avian influenza virus subtypes, T 90 values in sediment ranged from 5 to 11, 13 to 18, 43 to 54, and 66 to 394 days at 30, 20, 10, and 0°C, respectively, which were 2 to 5 times higher than the T 90 values of the viruses in the feces and meat. Although the individual viruses vary in tenacity, the survival time of influenza viruses was shorter than that of NDV and ECBO virus in all substrates. The results of this study suggest that lake sediment may act as a long-term source of influenza viruses in the aquatic habitat, while the viruses may remain infectious for extended periods of time in duck feces and meat at low temperatures, allowing persistence of the viruses in the environment over winter.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Persistence of Avian Influenza Viruses in Lake Sediment, Duck Feces, and Duck Meat

Nazir

Haumacher

Ike

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The sandwich germ carriers were prepared according to the previously described method (Nazir et al 2010a) on a sterile workbench. The sandwich germ carriers were composed of small circular pieces (15 mm diameter) of Zeta Plus Virosorb 1MDS filters (CUNO) wrapped in polycarbonate membrane (PCM) with a pore size of 10 nm (Pieper Filter).…”

Section: Preparation Of the Sandwich Germ Carriersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental persistence of amphibian and reptilian ranaviruses

Nazir¹,

Spengler²,

Marschang³

2012

Dis. Aquat. Org.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ranaviruses infect fish, amphibians, and reptiles. The present study was conducted to compare the persistence of amphibian and reptilian ranaviruses in a pond habitat. The 4 viruses used in this study included 2 amphibian ranaviruses, Frog virus 3 (FV3, the type species of the genus Ranavirus) and an isolate from a frog, and 2 ranaviruses of reptilian origin (from a tortoise and from a gecko). A sandwich germ-carrier technique was used to study the persistence of these viruses in sterile and unsterile pond water (PW) and soil obtained from the bank of a pond. For each virus, virus-loaded carriers were placed in each of the 3 substrates, incubated at 4 and 20°C, and titrated at regular intervals. Serial data were analyzed using a linear regression model to calculate T-90 values (time required for 90% reduction in the virus titer). Resistance of the viruses to drying was also studied. All 4 viruses were resistant to drying. At 20°C, T-90 values of the viruses were 22 to 31 d in sterile PW and 22 to 34 d in unsterile PW. Inactivation of all 4 viruses in soil at this temperature appeared to be non-linear. T-90 values at 4°C were 102 to 182 d in sterile PW, 58 to 72 d in unsterile PW, and 30 to 48 d in soil. Viral persistence was highest in the sterile PW, followed by the unsterile PW, and was lowest in soil. There were no significant differences in the survival times between the amphibian and reptilian viruses. The results of the present study suggest that ranaviruses can survive for long periods of time in pond habitats at low temperatures. KEY WORDS: Ranaviruses · Pond water · Persistence · Soil Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 98: [177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184] 2012 transmitted to healthy salamanders after putting them in the water where infected salamanders were previously kept, even after passing the water through 0.45 µm pore size filters. In one transmission study, it has been observed that salamanders acquired infection after water-bath exposure to ATVcontaminated water and also transferred the infection to other healthy individuals (Brunner et al. 2007). The exposure of Rana sylvatica tadpoles to sediments collected from a pond where a ranavirus die-off had occurred resulted in the development of infection in the exposed individuals (Harp & Petranka 2006). Similarly, experimentally inoculated moist sediments also transmitted ATV infection and caused mortality in larval salamanders (Brunner et al. 2007). These studies indicate that in a small pond habitat, contaminated water and soil can be a potential source of virus transmission to susceptible animals.There is scarcity of data on the environmental persistence of iridoviruses infecting reptiles and amphibians. One report shows that the infectivity of ATV-contaminated water was lost after a 2 wk incubation at 25°C (Jancovich et al. 1997). Langdon (1989) observed that a fish ranavirus, closely related to amphibian ranaviruses, can survive for 97 d in water at 15°C. A comparison ...

show abstract