Use of cultivars of low cost, agroindustrial and urban waste in the production of cellulosic ethanol in Brazil: A proposal to utilization of microdistillery

Water, waste, energy and food nexus in Brazil: Identifying a resource interlinkage research agenda through a systematic review

“…The four resources, "water, waste, energy, and food", are linked by only one practice, which is examined in one paper: second-generation ethanol -an energy source obtained from food goods, involving cellulose from agricultural waste and irrigation water [105]. However, it is important to note that second-generation ethanol is not yet produced at a commercial scale in Brazil.…”

Multicriteria evaluation of biomass residues in Portugal to second generation bioethanol production

“…In the face of the pressure around the food industry, second generation technologies have emerged, which use raw materials of non-food origin, to produce bioethanol, namely lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). The production of bioethanol from LCB increases the demand for this green fuel, as it makes it possible to obtain several by-products of high added value, such as ethanol vapor (used in the production of hydrogen, mainly in fuel cells), ethylene, ethylene glycol, glycol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, acrylates, ethyl chloride, butane, propylene, butadiene, and ethane, which is considered a precursor to polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride (Gonçalves et al, 2015). Also, carbon dioxide, which is the main secondary product of alcoholic fermentation, can be reused in the production of microbial biomass, in the manufacture of carbonated/soft drinks and in the production of syngas for example (Gonçalves et al, 2015).…”