Use of covered stent grafts as treatment of traumatic venous injury to the inferior vena cava and iliac veins: A systematic review

Endovascular treatment of traumatic iliac venous injury combined with phlegmasia cerulea dolens in Korea: a case report

“…Surgical treatments, including packing, surgical repair, or ligation, are considered the treatment of choice if conservative treatment fails [4,6]; however, surgery is challenging because the overlying hematoma interferes with the surgical field and the tamponade effect decreases during surgery [7]. Therefore, endovascular management has been reported as an alternative treatment modality, most of which involves covered stent insertion [6,[8][9][10], and there are a few case reports of bare metal stent insertion [1,5,7].…”

Role of Interventional Radiology in the Management of Venous Trauma

“…Surgical venous repair can involve lateral venorrhaphy, placement of a vein patch, end-to-end anastomosis, or complicated grafts. 29 Furthermore, laparotomy can decrease the tamponade effect of a hematoma, resulting in uncontrolled bleeding. An endovascular approach is most appropriate when a patient does not require operative management, but the venous injury still must be addressed.…”

“…Endovascular approach should be considered in patients with venous injuries in anatomic areas that are difficult to expose via standard operative repair, increased risk of iatrogenic nerve injury, high risk of prolonged bleeding complications due to surgery, or those who are poor surgical candidates. 29 Depending on the nature of the injury and operator/institution preference, angioplasty, balloon tamponade, stent placement, or a combination of techniques may be used. Specifically, when there is early filling of the venous system secondary to arteriovenous fistula formation, embolization techniques may be used to close the fistulous connection.…”

“…In contrast, an endovascular approach allows direct coverage of the venous injury while maintaining the retroperitoneal tamponade effect. Covered stents 29 are the most commonly used device to treat traumatic iliac vein injury, although the use of uncovered stents 30 as well as occlusion balloons 31 have been reported.…”

“…Surgical venous repair can involve lateral venorrhaphy, placement of a vein patch, end-to-end anastomosis, or complicated grafts. 29 Furthermore, laparotomy can decrease the tamponade effect of a hematoma, resulting in uncontrolled bleeding.…”