Use of copper in pine nurseries

South, David B.; Payne, Nina

doi:10.21750/refor.9.08.82

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 175 publications

(216 reference statements)

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“…Naturally regenerated pines typically withstand high winds due to a strong taproot. In contrast, high winds sometimes topple saplings when fast-growing pines are growing in rain-soaked soils [213]. Typically, mortality is near zero when pine lean is only 20 • from vertical.…”

Section: Windmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Healthy Pine Seedlings Die after They Leave the Nursery

South

Starkey²,

Lyons³

2023

Forests

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Artificial regeneration is successful when high-performing seedlings are transported with care to the planting site, stored for a short period in an environment without desiccation or fungal growth, and planted in a deep hole, so roots are in contact with moist soil. One of the requirements for success is the ability to avoid common planting mistakes. Due, in part, to the use of container stock plus an increase in rainfall, the average first-year survival of pine seedlings (89%) in the southern United States is about 15% greater now than 45 years ago. However, when survival is less than 50% six months after planting, some landowners seek reimbursement for their loss. Some assume poor seedling quality was the cause without realizing that anaerobic soils or sudden freeze events, shallow planting holes, pruning roots, a lack of rain or underground insects can kill pines. With a focus on pines planted in the southern United States, we list non-nursery factors that have killed seedlings in North America, Africa and Europe.

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Section: Windmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Healthy Pine Seedlings Die after They Leave the Nursery

South

Starkey²,

Lyons³

2023

Forests

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“…In contrast, an Fe deficiency can occur after an excessive applications of Ca(H2PO4)2 (Stienbeck et al 1966). Instances of chlorotic needles and stunted pine seedlings can arise when foliage becomes Fe-deficient due to excessive Ca (Landis 1988;Zhang et al 2015;South 2022). In some trials, it is not entirely clear if Fe chlorosis is caused primarily by added P or added Ca.…”

Section: Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc fertilization in bareroot pine seedbeds

South

2023

REFOR

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Zinc deficiencies are rare in pine seedlings with less than five documented cases in bareroot nurseries. One temporary deficiency occurred after soil was land-leveled (i.e., topsoil removed) and another occurred on a peat soil after more than 2,200 kg of agricultural lime was applied before sowing. Farmers also observe zinc deficiencies on (1) over-limed areas and (2) where Zn-demanding crops are grown on areas where topsoil was removed during land leveling. Since ZnSO4 is a naturally occurring pesticide, sometimes height growth increases are due to pest control. In pathogen-rich soils, pine growth may be improved more by the fungicidal effect than by a growth benefit from added sulphur and zinc. As a result, a pseudo-deficient response is possible when growth of non-deficient seedlings increases after treatment with large amounts of ZnSO4 or ZnCl2. In some trials, claims of a Zn deficiency have been made without supporting evidence from foliar tests or from tests using pathogen-free soil. Although fertilization with Zn increased seedling growth at pine nurseries in New Zealand, India, Russia, and Wisconsin, only at the Sweetwater Nursery in New Zealand did foliar tests prove a Zn deficiency.

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“…Although researchers have tested gypsum at rates >1,500 kg ha -1 (Maki and Henry 1951;Deines 1973;Flinn and Waugh 1983;Marx 1990), such high rates are not used by nursery managers. Too much gypsum can lower soil Mg (Figure 18) and can induce a Mg deficiency (South 2022). Some managers at sandy nurseries apply less than 850 kg ha -1 of gypsum.…”

Section: Gypsummentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of sulphur in bareroot pine and hardwood nurseries

South

2023

REFOR

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During the 20th century, managers at sandy nurseries utilized sulphur (S) to lower soil pH and mitigate the risk of iron deficiency. During that time, however, applying S as a fertilizer was a rare event. At many nurseries, S in rain and irrigation water was sufficient to avoid visual deficiency symptoms. The S status of soil and foliage was typically unknown, and many researchers did not test for S due to the additional cost. Consequently, S became the most neglected macronutrient. While a few nursery trials demonstrated that elemental S reduced damping-off and increased height growth, a majority showed no benefit after applying S at rates lower than 100 kg ha-1. Even so, by 1980, S-deficiencies occurred at bareroot nurseries in Alabama, Oklahoma, Virginia, Wisconsin, the United Kingdom, and likely in North Dakota and New York. The risk of a deficiency increases when N-only fertilizers are applied to seedbeds. Due to research, experience and the precautionary principle, several managers transitioned to using ammonium sulfate instead of, less expensive, N-only nitrogen fertilizers. After soil tests became affordable, managers began to ask questions about the need to apply S to seedbeds. Only a few hydroponic trials with small pine seedlings have been used to estimate “threshold” or “critical values” for foliar S. Since an initial 1,500 μg g-1 S value is “unreliable” for pine seedlings, some authors lowered the value to 1,100 μg g-1 and even as low as 500 μg g-1 S. Others ignore all estimates based on total S concentrations and, instead, monitor only foliar SO4 levels.

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Use of copper in pine nurseries

Cited by 3 publications

References 175 publications

Why Healthy Pine Seedlings Die after They Leave the Nursery

Why Healthy Pine Seedlings Die after They Leave the Nursery

Zinc fertilization in bareroot pine seedbeds

Use of sulphur in bareroot pine and hardwood nurseries

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