Use of Complete Fertilizers in Cultivation of Microorganisms

Loosanoff, Victor L.; Engle, James B.

doi:10.1126/science.95.2471.487

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…We have reaffirmed our belief in the possibility of some post-Eocene rotation (5), but this has been repeatedly dismissed by Van (3); it also can control sea stars (4) and probably could be used successfully on Acanthaster.…”

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confidence: 70%

Sea Urchin Population Explosion in Southern California Coastal Waters

North

Pearse

1970

Science

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Biscay which allows a 120 anticlockwise rotation of the Iberian peninsula between Eocene and Middle to Upper Miocene times. They refer several times to the fact that this va'ue is appreciably less than a rotation of 220, which they believe resulted from our paleomagnetic study of the Lisbon Volcanics (2).We must point out that in our paper (2) a post-Eocene rotation of 220 was not our unequivocal interpretation of the paleomagnetic data (3). As emphasized several times (2, 3), both graphically and otherwise, the accuracy of the paleomagnetic method is inherently limited. Therefore such precise interpretation (1) of our data is unwarranted. As stated in our abstract (2) and elsewhere, our conclusion is restricted to a belief that the rotation of the Iberian peninsula, which had previously been proposed by several authors using totally independent reasoning, may have occurrcd in part in post-Eocene times. This conclusion has been strongly challenged by Van der Voo (4), whose position is based on a large amount of paleomagnetic data from Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks from Spain and Portugal. He and others prefer to think that the rotation ceased at the end of the Cretaceous period.We have reaffirmed our belief in the possibility of some post-Eocene rotation (5), but this has been repeatedly dismissed by Van (4) and probably could be used successfully on Acanthaster.The persistence of the high densities of sea urchins, long after they had eaten most of the food, has been puzzling. It seems unlikely that either the urchins or the coral-eating sea stars became "over efficient" as Chesher suggested (1). The urchins, and probably the sea stars, seem to be responding to unexpected and, with present knowledge, unpredictable events that follow environmental change by man. In the case of the urchins, the persisting high population densities may be the result of (i) destruction of their main predator, sea otters, during the close of the last century, (ii) depletion of an important competitor, abalone, during the past few decades, and (iii) enrichment of coastal waters with sewage effluent [amino acid enrichment from sewage adds significantly to the nutrition of urchins (5)

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confidence: 70%

Sea Urchin Population Explosion in Southern California Coastal Waters

North

Pearse

1970

Science

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“…Killing starfish by copper sulphate injection was found to be the most efficient (132 starfish killed Per hour per diver) of the three methods tested. Apart from these methods, Endean (1969) has reported that application of quicklime to the ThJZ;fJZ !u maV f be a i US6ful Way of controlling starfish numbers This method which was found to kill A. planci within approximately 24-48 hours has been used to control outbreaks of Asterias forbesi in the United States (Loosanoff & Engle, 1938, 1942 nnu°f H He fT ™lhods invoIve controlling starfish numbers at the level of the individual. During the 1960s and early 1970s an attempt was made to develop a mass control method which could be used to exclude starffch from THE ACANTHASTER PHENOMENON 451 large areas of reef.…”

Section: Control Of a Plancimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Acanthaster phenomenon /

Moran¹

1988

168

199

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on the basis of it findings, that A. planci did not "constitute a threat to the Great Barrier Reef as a whole" (Walsh et al., 1971: p. 6). The conclusions of that committee, particularly the one just mentioned, were challenged and debated (e.g. Dwyer, 1971; Endean, 1971b; Talbot, 1971; O'Gower et al., 1972; James, 1976). During 1971 an advisory committee was established to implement the policies of the second committee of inquiry and to coordinate future research. Over the ensuing years many aspects of the biology of A. planci were studied. The progress of these studies was reported in a document prepared by the advisory committee (Walsh, Harvey, Maxwell & Thomson, 1976) and in it further research was recommended particularly on the ecology and population dynamics of the starfish and its coral prey. With the decline of starfish outbreaks during the latter half of the 1970s research on A. planci waned. A further committee was established (by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority) not long P. J. MORAN after a second outbreak was reported at Green Island at the end of 1979. Once again the results of previous research were reviewed and the significance of those outbreaks was assessed to determine whether further research was warranted. That committee considered the situation serious enough to recommend that several types of research be undertaken, addressing a number of broad aspects of the phenomenon (Advisory Committee on the Crown of Thorns Starfish, 1980). Some of this research was implemented although field studies on the ecology of the starfish were largely neglected. In view of the seriousness of the current series of outbreaks on the Great Barrier Reef another committee was formed with similar aims to those preceding it (Crown of Thorns Starfish Advisory Committee, 1985). In constrast to the findings of the second committee of inquiry this committee concluded that "the destruction of hard coral by aggregations of A. planci poses a serious threat to the organisation and functional relationships within some reef communities within the Great Barrier Reef, at least in the short term" (loc. at., p. 1). It also recognized that outbreaks of starfish posed a "major management problem in some areas of the Great Barrier Reef" (loc. cit., p. 1). On the basis of its findings the committee recommended that a coordinated programme of research be conducted over five years at an estimated cost of $A 3 million. Despite the reviews of these committees and the impetus that they gave to research they have not managed to quell the questions and debates, in Australia at least, concerning the phenomenon. Frequently the debate surrounding the occurrence of outbreaks has been reduced to whether they are seen to be a problem, or threat to the reef and, ultimately, whether they are natural or man-induced events. Logic would have it that if they are natural then nothing is required except to adopt sensible management in areas of commercial interest. If unnatural then action may be required. Reducing the debate to this simplistic ...

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“…Small streams draining sparsely inhabited areas along the Columbia River had as small plankton populations as have been found despite summer temperatures and low, clear water stages. Positive evidence is found in the increased plankton populations of fertilized fresh water fish ponds, as well as marine experiments at Milford, Connecticut (Loosanoff and Engle 1942) ; Woods Hole; and lochs in Scotland (Gross et al 1946).…”

Section: Table Imentioning

confidence: 96%

Limnological aspects of water supply and waste disposal

Moulton¹

1949

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Late last century there was some controversy among sanitary engineers in this country and in Eiirope concerning which of two methods of sewage treatment should be advocated-chemical or biological treatment. Those who favored the former tried to show that sewage could be treated successfully in much the same manner as surface water is prepared for drinking. However, the advocates of Mother Nature's method-biological treatment-had caught a preliminary glimpse of her seemingly miraculous powers of self-purification and were pressing ahead rapidly with their experiments in this virgin field. In 1890, a report from the Lawrence Experiment Station, in Massachusetts, stated that when sewage is passed intermittently through a filter of coarse gravel from which all sand has been washed, ".. . each stone was kept covered with a fine film of liquid, very slowlymoving from stone to stone and continually in contact with air in the spaces between the stones. The liquid, starting at the top as sewage, reached the bottom within twenty-four hours with the organic matter nearly all burned out" (Mills 1890). Shortly after this report an English investigator, Scott-Moncrieff (Anonymous 1892) , experimenting with the treatment of sewage from his own home developed a filter plant using upward flow and demonstrated beyond any doubt the biological action as opposed to mechanical action alone. Although the early experiments in sewage treatment were conducted largely by engineers, representatives of other professions, such as bacteriologists, chemists, biochemists and biologists, began gradually to appear on the scene to contribute their share in the development of the methods of biological treatment in use today.

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Use of Complete Fertilizers in Cultivation of Microorganisms

Cited by 19 publications

References 1 publication

Sea Urchin Population Explosion in Southern California Coastal Waters

Sea Urchin Population Explosion in Southern California Coastal Waters

The Acanthaster phenomenon /

Limnological aspects of water supply and waste disposal

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