“…PW generally contains substantial concentrations of petroleum components (such as phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile hydrocarbons), production chemicals (such as biocides and corrosion inhibitors), dissolved gases (such as CO 2 and H 2 S), salts (such as sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride), dissolved minerals including heavy metals (such as barium, zinc, lead, iron, etc. ), and solids such as sand, silt, carbonates, and clays (Hansen and Davies, 1994;Duraisamy et al, 2013;Farag and Harper, 2014;Igunnu and Chen, 2014;Al-Haddabi et al, 2015).…”